Nickel abundance

Correlation between surface composition and CO conversion activity of oxidized Ni Th alloys (A) Variation of surface nickel Abundance... 

Figure 7 Correlation between surface nickel abundance...

The major tool that allows us to relate classes of meteorites to classes of asteroids is spectral reflectance (Burbine et al., 2002). Unfortunately, iron meteorites, with their paucity of silicate phases, have relatively featureless spectra with red spectral slopes and moderate albedos (e.g.. Clouds et al., 1990) (Figure 10). There appears to be no simple correlation between nickel abundance and spectra redness and, thus, distinguishing different chemical groups (e.g., low-nickel IIAB from... 

Nickel occurs more abundantly than cobalt but only a few deposits are economically useful for extraction. The metal is obtained by... 

Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is a cheap, abundant, useful, and important metal. 

Cobalt is the thirtieth most abundant element on earth and comprises approximately 0.0025% of the earth s cmst (3). It occurs in mineral form as arsenides, sulfides, and oxides trace amounts are also found in other minerals of nickel and iron as substitute ions (4). Cobalt minerals are commonly associated with ores of nickel, iron, silver, bismuth, copper, manganese, antimony, and 2iac. Table 1 Hsts the principal cobalt minerals and some corresponding properties. A complete listing of cobalt minerals is given ia Reference 4. 

Titanium-Based Casting and Wrought Alloys. Titanium-based alloys offer an attractive alternative to gold alloys and to the base-metal alloys that contain nickel or chromium. On a volume basis the cost of titanium is roughly comparable to that of the chromium-containing alloys, but the price of titanium tends to be more stable because its ores are abundant and widely distributed (see Titaniumand titanium alloys). 

Ruthenium and osmium are generally found in the metallic state along with the other platinum metals and the coinage metals. The major source of the platinum metals are the nickel-copper sulfide ores found in South Africa and Sudbury (Canada), and in the river sands of the Urals in Russia. They are rare elements, ruthenium particularly so, their estimated abundances in the earth s crustal rocks being but O.OOOl (Ru) and 0.005 (Os) ppm. However, as in Group 7, there is a marked contrast between the abundances of the two heavier elements and that of the first. 

Nickel is the seventh most abundant transition metal and the twenty-second most abundant element in the earth s crust (99 ppm). Its commercially important ores are of two types ... 

Although estimates of their abundances vary considerably, Pd and Pt (approximately 0.015 and 0.01 ppm respectively) are much rarer than Ni. They are generally associated with the other platinum metals and occur either native in placer (i.e. alluvial) deposits or as sulfides or arsenides in Ni, Cu and Fe sulfide ores. Until the 1820s all platinum metals came from South America, but in 1819 the first of a series of rich placer deposits which were to make Russia the chief source of the metals for the next century, was discovered in the Urals. More recently however, the copper-nickel ores in South Africa and Russia (where the Noril sk-Talnakh deposits are well inside the Arctic Circle) have become the major sources, supplemented by supplies from Sudbury. 

Many metals occur in crude oils. Some of the more abundant are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel. They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides, or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium (as in porphyrins). Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids. These compounds act as emulsifiers, and their presence is undesirable. 

The atomic weight increases regularly across the row except for the inversion at cobalt and nickel. We would expect the atomic weight of Ni to be higher than that of Co because there are more protons (28) in the Ni nucleus than in the Co nucleus (27). The reason for the inversion lies in the distribution of naturally occurring isotopes. Natural cobalt consists entirely of the isotope 2 Co natural nickel consists primarily of the isotopes Ni and Ni, the 58-isotope being about three times as abundant as the 60-isotope. 

Derived from the German word meaning devil s copper, nickel is found predominantly in two isotopic forms, Ni (68% natural abundance) and Ni (26%). Ni exists in four oxidation states, 0, I, II, III, and IV. Ni(II), which is the most common oxidation state, has an ionic radius of —65 pm in the four-coordinate state and —80 pm in the octahedral low-spin state. The Ni(II) aqua cation exhibits a pAa of 9.9. It forms tight complexes with histidine (log Af = 15.9) and, among the first-row transition metals, is second only to Cu(II) in its ability to complex with acidic amino acids (log K( = 6-7 (7). Although Ni(II) is most common, the paramagnetic Ni(I) and Ni(III) states are also attainable. Ni(I), a (P metal, can exist only in the S = state, whereas Ni(lll), a cT ion, can be either S = or S =. ... 

In contrast to the abundance of Fe-proteins, there are only six known nickel-containing enzymes hydrogenase, CO dehydrogenase (CODA), acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), superoxide dismutase, urease, and S-methyl-CoM methylreductase. Among these enzymes, it exists in very diverse environments, including a dinickel site (urease), a Ni-Fe heterobinuclear site (hydrogenase), a Ni-Fe4S4 heterometallic... 

We present here the results of abundance measurements of iron, calcium and nickel in four open clusters, from UVES spectra of solar type stars. A code developed by one of the authors (Francois) performs line recognization, equivalent width measurements and finally obtains the abundances by means of OSMARCS LTE model atmosphere [4]. Temperature, gravity and microturbulence velocity have to be input to the program. This is made in an automatic way for a grid of values chosen on photometric basis. Those that best reproduce excitation and ionization equilibria are selected and used, namely when no significant trend of the computed abundances is seen, neither versus the excitation potential of the line nor versus its equivalent width, and for which the abundances obtained with lines of different ionization stages of the same specie give equal results within the errors. This check is made with iron lines, we have in fact at least thirty Fe I lines in each star, and six Fell lines. 

Table 1. Table of the computed abundances iron, and the two a elements calcium and nickel. All from the neutral-element lines. The standard deviation refers to the measurements in the different stars. In NGC 3680 we have only two targets, therefore instead of values a we put the difference between the two stellar abundances obtained. The average number of lines identified for each specie is also indicated. 

Many promoters have been used to improve the performance of Ni/Al203 catalysts. The effect of the basic oxides of Na, K, Mg, and Ca on Ni/Al203 was examined by a number of authors (178,203,211 -213). They found that these added oxides markedly decrease the carbon deposition. The kinetics results showed that the added metal oxides changed the reaction order in CH4 from negative to positive and that in C02 from positive to negative. This observation implies that the surface of a nickel catalyst incorporating basic metal oxides is abundant in adsorbed C02, whereas the surfaces devoid of these oxides are abundant in adsorbed CH4 (178). The coverage of nickel with C02 is most likely unfavorable to CH4 decomposition... 

---