New chemical technology

Design of chemical reactors is also at the forefront of new chemical technologies. The major challenges in chemical engineering involve... 

The importance of chemical innovation is not confined to chemical firms. It is equally important to the economy and to society as a whole. New technology provides the major improvements in productivity that help control inflation and that contribute to the nation s economic growth. At the same time, society needs new chemical technology to help solve many of the pressing problems of our time such as energy conservation and supply, production of food, preservation of environmental quality, and control of population growth. 

Summarizing, we may conclude that intensive studies conducted during the two last decades have uncovered a remarkable oxidation chemistry of nitrous oxide. This chemistry is far from being properly understood. Further studies may lead to new discoveries that are important not only for fundamental knowledge, but also for the development of new chemical technologies, which is strongly supported by the economic advantages of N20 as oxidant. 

Availability, ease of handling, and the combination of oxidation and reduction properties have all determined many of the traditional applications of hydrogen peroxide. Detailed investigation of the chemical properties of H202 also allows us to plumb the depths of the reaction mechanisms that proceed with its participation in order to consciously control their rate and direction. These studies may be applied as the basis for new chemical technological processes for the production of valuable chemical substances from readily available inexpensive raw materials. 

Awakumov E.G. Soft mechanochemical synthesis - a basis for new chemical technologies. Chem. Sustainable Development 1994 2-3 485-98. 

Of the multisectored core companies listed in Table 1.1, all except Allied Chemical were American first movers in products based on new chemical technologies. Du Pont, Dow, Monsanto, and American Cyanamid established their initial learning bases between 1896 and 1907. Du Pont was the first mover in nitrocellulose-based explosives, Dow in electrically produced inorganic chemicals, and Monsanto in the synthesis of foods and flavors. The several companies that in 1917 made up Union Carbide had also pioneered in a range of electrically based inorganic products. On the other hand, only one of the enterprises that merged into Allied commercialized a new technology. 

The permanent development of chemical methods available at the beginning of the 21st century creates the impression that molecules can be prepared irrespective of their structural complexity [125-128]. It seems to be only a question of sufficient manpower and budget to achieve this synthetic aim in a reasonable time. This impression, however, denies the fact that many synthetic routes and chemical methods are far from being highly efficient, particularly when multistep sequences are envisaged. Despite tremendous efforts in automation and in the development of new chemical methods in the past decade there is still an overall deficiency in new chemical technology [129]. Flow microwave-assisted processes can be re-... 

Only recently, chemists in industry as weU as in academia have begun to focus on the development of flow devices for laboratory use and hence for industrial apphcations by combining new chemical technologies with flow reactors [3]. These technologies include microwave assistance, the use of immobilized reagents and catalysts, and new fluids such as supercritical CO2 and ionic Uquids. 

Chapter 7 discusses regulation of nanoparticles under REACH and TSCA. Chemical identity/nomenclature issues and risk assessment for nanoparticles are included in this discussion. The book therefore concludes with this new chemical technology that has enormous potential in commercial uses and benefits such as in medical applications, and the potential for harm to humans and the environment due to its unique physical state. EPA and ECHA have commented on how they plan to regulate nanoparticles, and the former has begun to do so, but this is one area where traditional and existing regulatory schemes (and even the science used to determine risk) may be insufficient. 

Perhaps the most important new chemical technology developed over the past decades is nanotechnology. It is a particularly interesting example of technology to discuss within the context of this book because its implementation raises significant questions about two major scientific issues chemical identity and identifying risk. Nanotechnology clearly has enormous potential benefit to society. This has been exploited in miniaturised products such as cameras inserted into the veins and arteries of humans, but nano-sized chemicals may cause harm as they journey to places in the human body where conventional substances cannot. 

Studied and industrially important zeolites,together with excellent hydro-thermal stability, we look forward to new chemical technologies based on their own shape selectivity effects. 

Kozlov, G. V. Shustov, G. B. Zaikov, G. E. Fractal physics of polycondensation processes. In book Essential Results in Chem. Phys. Ed. Goloshchapov A., Zaikov G., Ivanov V. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2004,193-241. Naphadzokova, L. Kh. Kozlov, G. V. Synergistic effect of metal oxides in polytrans-esterification reaction. Proceedings of Vlll-th International Sci.-Pract Conf. "New Chemical Technologies Production and Application . Penza, PSU, 2006, 63-66. 

G.V. Kozlov, I.V. Dolbin, G.B. Shustov and G.E. Zaikov in the Proceedings of the lY All-Russian Science-Technology Conference New Chemical Technologies Manufacture and Application , PSU, Penza, Russia, 2002, p.56. 

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