Neurotoxicity testing

European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), six in vitro systems for chronic neurotoxicity testing are recommended for further consideration (Worth and Balls 2002). These are described as in vitro models that may be suitable for long-term toxicity testing. The systems are... 

Atterwill, C.K. et al. (1991). Alternative Methods and Their Application in Neurotoxicity Testing—Describes a range of in vitro tests for neurotoxicity and proposes a stepwise scheme for neurotoxicity testing. 

Switzer, R.C., III, Application of silver degeneration stains for neurotoxicity testing, Toxicol. Pathol. 28(1), 70-83, 2000. 

Johnstone AF, Gross GW, Weiss DG, Schroeder OH, Gramowski A, Shafer TJ (2010) Microelectrode arrays a physiologically based neurotoxicity testing platform for the 21st century. Neurotoxicology 31 331-350... 

Haggerty, G.C. (1991). Strategies for and experience with neurotoxicity testing of new pharmaceuticals. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 10 677-687. 

Ton C, Lin Y, Willett C (2006) Zebrafish as a model for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 76 553-567... 

A Guidance Document for Neurotoxicity Testing is also available (OECD 2004c), see Section 4.7.7.3. 

The adopted test guideline methods for repeated dose toxicity testing include a number of parameters relevant for the evaluation of a substance s neurotoxic potential. Eurthermore, specific test guidelines for neurotoxicity testing have also been adopted. These test methods are addressed in Section 4.7.3.1 and Tables 4.11 and 4.12. 

In addition to the test guidelines mentioned above, the following test guideline methods are also directed toward neurotoxicity testing ... 

The developmental neurotoxicity test (OECD TG 426 Draft, US-EPA OPPTS 870.6300) can be conducted as a separate study, incorporated into a reproductive toxicity study and/or adult neurotoxicity study, or added onto a prenatal developmental toxicity study. 

OECD. 2004c. Guidance document for neurotoxicity testing. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 20. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. IiNV/JM/MONO(2004)25. Paris OECD. 

Chapter 15. Dewar, A. J. Neurotoxicity testing—with particular reference to biochemical methods. 

The one-pot, three-component synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles from primary amines, acyl hydrazines and dimethoxy-A(-A(-dimethylmethanamine [84] was utilized for the preparation of compounds 235 (Scheme 41), which were evaluated for their anticonvulsant and neurotoxic properties [85]. The anticonvulsant activity was measured in mice by the maximal electroshock test (MES) and the neurotoxicity in mice by the rotarod neurotoxicity test (Tox). The majority of the compounds... 

Table 8-2. Some general advantages and disadvantages of in vitro neurotoxicity testing...

Figure 8-1 Characteristics of in vitro models vs. in vivo neurotoxicity testing. Reprinted from Environmental Toxicology and Pharmocology, vol. 22/2, Coecke et al., "The Value of Alternative Testing for Neurotoxicity in the Context of Regulatory Needs," 15, 2006, with permission from Elsevier.

Using the more complex model of aggregating cell cultures, van Vliet et al.39 investigated an in vitro metabolomics approach for neurotoxicity testing. A neurotoxic compound, methylmercury, at subcytotoxic concentrations, caused... 

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