Hypothalamic neuronal responses

Sinhababu SP, Paul A, Sukul NC, Kurzina N, Batuev AS. 1998. Hypothalamic neuronal responses of albino rats on salty diet to high dilution of sodium chloride and phosphorus. In High dilution effects on cells and integrated systems. C Taddei-Ferretti and P Marotta (Eds). World Scientific, Singapore, pp 263-266. 

Sukul NC, Paul A, Sinhababu SP. 1992. Hypothalamic neuronal responses of rats to homeopathic drugs. 

As to the primary developmental actions of testosterone, growth and differentiation appear to be involved. Testosterone or estradiol stimulates outgrowth of neurites from developing hypothalamic neurons that contain estrogen receptors [14, 15]. This is believed to be one of the principal aspects of testosterone action that increases the number and the size of neurons within specific hypothalamic nuclei in males, compared to females [1, 14, 15]. 5a-DHT may have a similar effect on androgen-sensitive neurons. Differentiation of target neurons also occurs in adult brain tissue, hormones like estradiol can evoke responses that differ between adult male and female rats [1,14,15],... 

The intermediate length systems include the tuberoinfundibular system, which projects from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei into the intermediate lobe of the pituitary and the median eminence. This system is responsible for the regulation of such hormones as prolactin. The inter hypothalamic neurons send projections to the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, the lateral septal nuclei and the medullary periventricular group, which are linked to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus such projections may play a role in the effects of dopamine on the autonomic nervous system. 

In another experiment we examined the response of hypothalamic neurons of rats to potentized Nux vomica. Rats used in the electrophysiological tests all belong to Charles Foster (CF) strain. A batch of 15 rats was given 20% ethanol by force drinking at 1.5 ml/kg body weight for 7 days. They were given food and water ad lib. After 7 days neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of these... 

On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as lL-1 and lL-6 are known to stimulate the HPA-axis via hypothalamic neurons. For example, the release of the CRH and GHRH is stimulated by lL-1 (Besedovsky et al., 1986 Berkenbosch et al., 1987), the central lL-1 upregulation leads to stimulation of CRH, the HPA-axis, and the sympathetic nervous system (Sundar et al., 1990 Weiss et al., 1994). Therefore, a vicious circle may be induced, if the stress response is not limited, as it is discussed in MD (see Figure 36.2). 

Tanaka M, Cummins TR, Ishikawa K, Black J A, Ibata Y, Waxman SG 1999 Molecular and functional remodeling of electrogenic membrane of hypothalamic neurons in response to changes in their input. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1088-1093... 

Yamamoto T, Matsuo R, Kiyomitsu Y, Kitamura R. 1989. Response properties of lateral hypothalamic neurons during ingestive behavior with special reference to licking of various taste solutions. Brain Res 481 286-297. 

Minami T, Shimizu N, Duan S, Oomura Y. 1990. Hypothalamic neuronal activity responses to 3-hydroxybutyric acid, an endogenous organic acid. Brain Res 509 351-354. 

Sakata T, Kang M, KurokawaM, Yoshimatsu H. Hypothalamic neuronal histamine modulates adaptive behavior and thermogenesis in response to endogenous pyrogen. Obesity Res 1995 3(Suppl 5) 707S-712S. 

Hori, T, and Shinohara, K., 1979, Hypothalamic thermo-responsive neurons in the newborn rat,y. Physiol. (London) 294 541-560. 

Dillon GH, Waldrop TG. In vitro response of caudal hypothalamic neurons to hypoxia and h q)ercapnia. Neuroscience 1992 51 941-950. 

Epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid have potent pharmacological effects on kidney and vascular functions. Particularly well studied is the ability of some of these products to inhibit ion transport, reduce renin activity, and increase water and electrolyte excretion in kidney. Epoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid has also been demonstrated in brain,where it could participate in mediating certain intracellular responses of hypothalamic neurons to the modulatory neurotransmitter, dopamine. ... 

Neurotransmitter and biogenic amine derived from the amino acid histidine synthesized in hypothalamic tuber-omamillary neurons (TMN) to maintain wakefulness, feeding rhythms, energy balance, neuroendocrine autonomic control, and memory functions prominent immu-nomodulator and proinflammatory signal released from mast cells in response to allergic reactions or tissue damage. 

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