Neuron death

Excitotoxicity is the over-activity of the glutamatergic system responsible for the large number of dead neurons observed after ischemia (stroke) or epileptic seizures. This neuronal death is due to an overexcitation of the neurons and the massive Ca2+ entry... 

An episode of acute regional ischemia in the brain leading to neuronal death. It is usually caused by thrombi or emboli from atherosclerotic plaques. 

There is an increasing body of evidence that supports an apoptosis-necrosis cell death continuum. In this continuum, neuronal death can result from varying contributions of coexisting apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms [2]. Therefore the distinct designations... 

On the pathophysiological side, hyperactive nNOS has been implicated in A/-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated neuronal death in cerebrovascular-stroke. Some disturbances of smooth muscle tone within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastroesophageal reflux disease) may also be related to an overproduction of NO by nNOS in peripheral nitrergic nerves. 

Rothman S (1984) Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. J Neurosci 4(7) 1884-1891... 

Zhang K, Rana F, Silva C, Ethier J, Wehrly K, Chesebro B, Power C (2003) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope-mediated neuronal death uncoupling of viral replication and neurotoxicity. J Virol 77(12) 6899-6912... 

Power C, McArthur JC, Nath A et al (1998) Neuronal death induced by brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes differs between demented and nondemented AIDS patients. J Virol 72 9045-9053... 

Proudfoot AE, Buser R, Borlat F et al (1999) Amino-terminally modified RANTES analogues demonstrate differential effects on RANTES receptors. J Biol Chem 274 32478-32485 Qin AP, Zhang HE, Qin ZH (2008) Mechanisms of lysosomal proteases participating in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Neurosci Bull 24 117-123 Richter R, Bistrian R, Escher S et al (2005) Quantum proteolytic activation of chemokine CCL15 by neutrophil granulocytes modulates mononuclear cell adhesiveness. J Immunol 175 1599-1608... 

Besides these pathways, specific kinases like mixed lineage kinase and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) have been implicated in gpl20-mediated neuronal death (Bodner et al. 2002 Alirezaei et al. 2007). 

Cleveland DW. From Charcot to SOD1 mechanisms of selective motor neuron death in ALS. Neuron 1999 24 525-520. 

Mechanisms of Neuronal Death in Neurodegenerative Disorders General Concepts... 

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