Neurobiology and Neural Systems

Keywords Activezone Central nervous system Dendrites Dendritic spine Neuron Neurotransmitter Peripheral nervous system Postsynaptic density Synapse 

Neurons are the core cell elements of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that process and hansmit information. Neurons are composed of a cell body (soma), dendritic hee (arbor. 

A neuron usually only has one axon extending from the soma, but it may have branches distal collaterals. The axon 

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Jaboori, S., Sampat, P., and Sayegh, S. (1995). Analyzing the hippocampal place cell phenomenon by modeling the visual pathway. In The Neurobiology of Computation Proceedings of the Third Annual Computation and Neural Systems Conference (J. Bower, ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York. 

Mishkin M, Malamut B, Bachevalier J (1984) Memories and habits two neural systems. In Lynch G, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (Eds), Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, pp. 65-77. Guilford Press, New York. 

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are computational systems that emerged as an attempt to better understand neurobiology and cognitive psychology by means of simplified mathematical models of real neurons (Hassoun 1995 Fine 1999). The initial interest on these systems arose from the hope that they may enable us to increase our knowledge about brain, human cognition, and perception (Garson 2007). 

Evidence that arachidonate metabolites participate in modulating potassium channel activity was first obtained in experiments carried out in the laboratory of James H. Schwartz, at the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior of Columbia University, by using the nervous system of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, Aplysia neural ganglia contain a relatively small number of large, easily identifiable neurons, which have been well characterized for... 

Again this review emphasizes stimulating ideas put forth in R. H. Wright Lectures, in this case those of Gordon Shepherd (13). One of his key points is that an understanding of the neurobiology—the organization and function of neural circuits—of the olfactory system is crucial for... 

The terms neural networks, connectionist models, and PDP models are essentially synonymous in the research literature. There appears to be a slight preference overall for the use of neural networks to describe such models, probably because the term implies some fidelity with neurobiology. This may be a misleading implication, however, because many neural nets are not in the least similar to what is currently understood of the human brain. It may be true that neural networks were originally inspired by the nervous system, but this distinction has been lost as the models have become widely used in many different applications. 

One of the goals in gustatory neurobiology is to understand how information about taste stimuli is encoded in neural activity. The taste is defined by two parameters taste primary and intensity (stimulus concentration). Historically, there have been two major theories of neural coding in the taste system. These are the labeled line (Frank 1973) and across fibre (or neuron) (Erickson et al. 1965) pattern theories. Both of these theories are focused on the spatial representations of neuronal activity. 

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