Needle Park

Needle exchange is not the only example of harm-reduction strategies. Another example is providing a safe area where people can use drugs without exposing themselves to being preyed upon by criminals. However, the most famous example of this approach, the needle park in Zurich, Switzerland, was eventually closed due to increases in crime. 

In the Irvine-Park falling needle viscometer (FNV) (194), the moving body is a needle. A small-diameter glass or stainless steel needle falls vertically in a fluid. The viscous properties and density of the fluid are derived from the velocity of the needle. The technique is simple and useflil for measuring low (down to lO " ) shear viscosities. The FNV-100 is a manual instmment designed for the measurement of transparent Newtonian and non-Newtonian... 

Cannulae are fabricated on special order from stainless steel hypodermic needle stock by Popper and Sons Company, 290 Park Avenue, South, New York, N.Y., 10010. Approximately 30-cm. long cannulae made from 15 and 20 gauge stock were used in this preparation. 

FIGURE 11.19 The state of the carving on Cleopatra s Needle has deteriorated as a result of the action of acid rain tat after 3500 years in the Egyptian desert (b) after a further 00 years in Central Park, New York City. 

Recently, a vaccine made from the recombinant BoNT C fragment has been reported to protect nonhuman primates from an aerosol exposure of BoNT, and neutralizing antibody titers were detected for up to 2 years following vaccination (Boles et ah, 2006). In addition to needle delivery, there is a considerable interest in developing a mucosal vaccine for BoNT. This is based on the premise that the mucosal immune system would be the hrst line of defense for inhaled BoNT, and administration of mucosal vaccines may be easier to carry out in the general population (Park and Simpson, 2004 Fujihashi et ah, 2007). 

McAllister DV, Wang PM, Davis SP, Park JH, Canatella PJ, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles fabrication methods and transport studies, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100, 13755-13760. 

N. A. Park, Measurement of Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids With the Falling Needle Viscometer, Ph.D. thesis, Mech. Eng. Dept., State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook, 1984. 

The corporal took ten minutes to find the Far Realm s spaceplane, guided by Fletcher. Although she d never seen one before, Louise could see how different it was from the aircraft it was parked among. A needle fuselage with sleek wings that didn t quite match, as if they d come off another, larger craft. 

Kim, M. Jung, B. Park, J.H. Hydrogel swelling as a trigger to release biodegradable polymer micro needles in skin. Biomaterials 2012, 33 (2), 668-678. 

Fig. 3.2 SEM micrographs of the doped Ni crystals on a Nafion film. The mean size is 300 nm and they are connected by needle-shaped branches. Reprinted from [Park and Kim (2007)1 with permission from Elsevier, Copyright 2007.

Park, J.S. and G.H. Lee, 2011. Volatile compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of the needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. J. Sci. Food. Aerie.. 91(4) 703-709. 

Yellow needles from EtOH. M.p. 180° (177°). See previous reference and also HeQbron, Kitchen, Parkes, Sntton, J. Chem. Soc., 1926,127,2171. 

Tru-Cut manual biopsy needle (Allegiance, McGaw Park, 111., USA) 14,18 7,11,15... 

Somewhat similar developments have been reported by Park and Irvine (1984,1988), Cho et al. (1992), and Chee et al. (1994), especially with reference to the use of the falling needle viscometry for non-Newtonian fluids. The resulting predictions appear to be of acceptable quality. Analogous develop-... 

---