Natural sources animals

Until the middle of the nineteenth century all colorants used were obtained from natural sources animals, vegetables, and minerals. Then William Henry Perkin accidentally discovered the first synthetic organic dye in 1856, that was called mauve, a purplish color. This substance dyed silk, which was stable when washed or exposed to light. Since then, synthetic colorants representing every color of the rainbow have been developed. 

HAp can be obtained from natural sources (animal bones or corals) or synthesized from appropriate substrates, including carbonates. 

Textile fibers are normally broken down into two main classes, natural and man-made fibers. All fibers which come from natural sources (animals, plants, etc.) and do not require fiber formation or reformation are classed as natural fibers. Natural fibers include the protein fibers such as wool and silk, the cellulose fibers such as cotton and linen, and the mineral fiber asbestos. Man-made fibers are fibers in which either the basic chemical units have been formed by chemical synthesis followed by fiber formation or the polymers from natural sources have been dissolved and regenerated after passage through a spinneret to form fibers. Those fibers made by chemical synthesis are often called synthetic fibers, while fibers regenerated from natural polymer sources are called regenerated fibers or natural polymer fibers. In other words, all synthetic fibers and regener-... 

Species origin tests, used to determine whether the specimen is human or from another source, are immunological in nature. Host animals, usually rabbits, are injected with protein from another species. The animal creates antibodies to the unknown material. Semm from the host animal, containing species (human, bovine, equine, canine, etc) specific antibodies, is tested against a dilute solution of blood (antigens) collected as evidence. A positive reaction is determined by a visible band where the antibodies and antigens come into contact. 

There are three general processes that ate used, as of ca 1996, woddwide for steroid production (/) direct isolation from natural sources, (2) partial synthesis from steroid raw materials that have been isolated from plants and animals, and (J) total synthesis from nonsteroidal starting materials (120). 

Sulfur dioxide occurs in industrial and urban atmospheres at 1 ppb—1 ppm and in remote areas of the earth at 50—120 ppt (27). Plants and animals have a natural tolerance to low levels of sulfur dioxide. Natural sources include volcanoes and volcanic vents, decaying organic matter, and solar action on seawater (28,290,291). Sulfur dioxide is beHeved to be the main sulfur species produced by oxidation of dimethyl sulfide that is emitted from the ocean. 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Although vegetable oils and animals fats were commonly used in ancient times, most higher acids were not known until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Then the nature of the naturally occurring 18-carbon fatty acids was estabHshed, and hundreds of long-chain fatty acids have been isolated from natural sources and characterized. 

Exempt colorants are made up of a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds representing the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms. Some, like -carotene and 2inc oxide, are essentially pure factory-produced chemicals of definite and known composition. Others, including annatto extract, cochineal extract, caramel, and beet powder are mixtures obtained from natural sources and have somewhat indefinite compositions. 

The places from which pollutants emanate are called sources. There are natural as well as anthropogenic sources of the permanent gases considered to be pollutants. These include plant and animal respiration and the decay of what was once living matter. Volcanoes and naturally caused forest fires are other natural sources. The places to which pollutants disappear from the air are called sinks. Sinks include the soil, vegetation, structures, and water bodies, particularly the oceans. The mechanisms whereby pollutants... 

Fibers that come from natural sources, such as minerals, animals, and plants, are classified as natural fibers [5,6],... 

Soaps are derived from natural sources such as animal fats. Soap made by boiling animal fat in an alkaline solution obtained from ashes has been known since the time of the ancient Sumerians, 2500 BC. Such soaps... 

Contrariwise, conservationists have argued that no foreign substances should be discharged into the air and waters. These are natural resources and should be kept pure. The loggers who are using horses in the Bull Run Reservoir area near Portland, Ore., are required to diaper their horses to protect the water quality. What about wild animals such as deer They, like all the other plants and animals, excrete wastes. Often it seems that conservationists consider that it is only man, his domestic animals, factories, and machines that pollute. Purity implies wastes only from natural sources. ... 

Only natural dyes were known until the nineteenth century. By trial and error and probably also by chance, humans learned to extract and use a large variety of dyes of vegetable and animal origin. Dyes were extracted from the roots, trunk bark, and branches of trees, the stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants, the bodies of insects and mollusks, and the eggs of insects. All the dyes obtained from natural sources are rather impure, and hence the accurate reproducibility of colors was almost impossible during antiquity. Still, many of the dyes and dyeing techniques used in antiquity were highly developed and remained in use until the discovery of the synthetic dyes in the middle of the nineteenth century (Colombo 1995 Robinson 1969). 

Although capable of glycosylating heterologous human proteins, the glycosylation pattern usually varies from the pattern observed on the native glycoprotein (when isolated from its natural source, or when expressed in recombinant animal cell culture systems). 

Other important natural sources of organic chemicals are the so-called fossil fuels - natural gas, petroleum, and coal - all deposited in the earth from the decay of plant and animal remains, and containing thousands of degradation products. Most of these are simple compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen (technically and even reasonably known as hydrocarbons). Natural gas is relatively simple... 

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