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Natural rubber scanning electron

The results of mechanical properties (presented later in this section) showed that up to 20 phr, the biofillers showed superior strength and elongation behavior than CB, cellulose being the best. After 30 phr the mechanical properties of biocomposites deteriorated because of the poor compatibility of hydrophilic biopolymers with hydrophobic natural rubber(results not shown). While increasing quantity of CB in composites leads to constant increase in the mechanical properties. Scanning electron micrographs revealed presence of polymer-filler adhesion in case of biocomposites at 20 phr. [Pg.122]

FIGURE 3.12 Morphology of mbber-silica hybrid composites synthesized from solution process using different solvents (a) and (b) are the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) pictures of acrylic rubber (ACM)-silica hybrid composites prepared from THF (T) and ethyl acetate (EAc) (E) and (c) and (d) are the transmission electron microscopic (TEM) pictures of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-siUca hybrid composites synthesized from THF and chloroform (CH). (From Bandyopadhyay, A., De Sarkar, M., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 95, 1418, 2005 and Bandyopadhyay, A., De Sarkar, M., and Bhowmick, A.K., J. Mater. Sci., 40, 53, 2005. Courtesy of Wiley InterScience and Springer, respectively.)... [Pg.69]

FIGURE 3.16 Morphology and visual appearance of acrylic rubber (ACM)-silica and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-silica hybrid composites prepared from different pH ranges (a) transmission electron microscopic (TEM) picture of ACM-siUca in pH 1.0-2.0, (b) scanning electron microscopic (SEM) picture of ACM-siUca in pH 5.0-6.0, (c) SEM image of ACM-siUca in pH 9.0-10.0, (d) TEM picture of ENR-silica in pH... [Pg.74]

Figure 15.3 Scanning electron micrographs of tensile fractured surfaces of the vulcanizates cured at 160°C (a) 75 25 unsaturated natural rubber-ethylene-propylene-diene (NR-EPDM) blend (one-stage) at 500 x (b) 75 25 NR-EPDM blend (two-stage) at 500 x (c) 50 50 NR-EPDM blend (one-stage) at 750 x (d) 50 50 NR-EPDM blend (two-stage) at 750 x. (From Reference 32 with permission from John Wiley Sons.)... Figure 15.3 Scanning electron micrographs of tensile fractured surfaces of the vulcanizates cured at 160°C (a) 75 25 unsaturated natural rubber-ethylene-propylene-diene (NR-EPDM) blend (one-stage) at 500 x (b) 75 25 NR-EPDM blend (two-stage) at 500 x (c) 50 50 NR-EPDM blend (one-stage) at 750 x (d) 50 50 NR-EPDM blend (two-stage) at 750 x. (From Reference 32 with permission from John Wiley Sons.)...
Fig. 3.27 Scanning electron micrographs of the cryo-fractured surfaces of unvulcanized natural rubber/CW obtained by casting and evaporating (a) and freeze-drying and hot-pressing (b) [39]... Fig. 3.27 Scanning electron micrographs of the cryo-fractured surfaces of unvulcanized natural rubber/CW obtained by casting and evaporating (a) and freeze-drying and hot-pressing (b) [39]...
Figure 15.6 Scanning electron micrographs of fragile fractnres of starch/natural rubber blends, (a) 20 per cent glycerol and 5 per cent rabber, (b) 30 per cent glycerol and 20 per cent rabber, (c) 40 per cent glycerol and 5 per cent rabber and (d) 40 per cent glycerol and 20 per cent rubber. AH quantities are in w/w based on dry matter. Reproduced with permission from Reference [112]. Figure 15.6 Scanning electron micrographs of fragile fractnres of starch/natural rubber blends, (a) 20 per cent glycerol and 5 per cent rabber, (b) 30 per cent glycerol and 20 per cent rabber, (c) 40 per cent glycerol and 5 per cent rabber and (d) 40 per cent glycerol and 20 per cent rubber. AH quantities are in w/w based on dry matter. Reproduced with permission from Reference [112].
Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic. [Pg.3086]

See also Activation Analysis Neutron Activation. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Chromatography Overview Principles. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. Headspace Analysis Static Purge and Trap. Infrared Spectroscopy Near-Infrared Industrial Applications. Liquid Chromatography Normal Phase Reversed Phase Size-Exclusion. Microscopy Techniques Scanning Electron Microscopy. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic. Process Analysis Chromatography. Sample Dissolution for Elemental Analysis Dry... [Pg.3732]

ENR, epoxidized natural rubber ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscopy FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy GNP, gold nanoparticle NR, natural mbber NRL, natural rubber latex SEM, scanning electron microscopy XRD, X-ray diffraction. [Pg.86]

The poly(methyl methacrylate) molecules were dispersed in the natural rubber matrix, or vice versa, to form spherical droplets, as observed by optical photographs or scanning electron microscopy. The compatible natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends had been made by the addition of the graft copolymer of natural rubber-gr t-poly(methyl methacrylate) as the compatibilizing agent due to its ability to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the two homopolymers. Moreover, Nakasorn and coworkers reported that natural rubber-gr i -poly(methyl methacrylate) could be blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) via a dynamic vulcanization technique with a conventional sulfur vulcanization system. The natural rubber-gra/t-poly(methyl methacrylate) was synthesized by a semi-batch emulsion polymerization technique via different bipolar redox initiation systems, i.e. cumene hydroperoxide and tetraethylene pentamine. ... [Pg.325]

The incompatibility of natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends was also confirmed in solid form using scanning electron microscopy (Figure 13.4). For the solid natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blended films prepared by solution mixing and casting methods, the low level of the poly(methyl methacrylate) phase was found to be dispersed as domains in the continuous natural rubber matrix. The increasing amount of poly(methyl methacrylate)... [Pg.328]

Figure 13.4 Scanning electron micrographs of natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends at the ratios of (a) 70/30 (b) 50/50 (c) 30/70. Figure 13.4 Scanning electron micrographs of natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends at the ratios of (a) 70/30 (b) 50/50 (c) 30/70.
Figure 13.7 Scanning electron micrographs of (a) poly(methyl methacrylate) films and crosslinked natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) pseudo-IPNs at the amounts of (b) 0% (c) 10% and (d) 30% poly(methyl methacrylate) with (top) high and (bottom) low crosslinked density. Figure 13.7 Scanning electron micrographs of (a) poly(methyl methacrylate) films and crosslinked natural rubber/poly(methyl methacrylate) pseudo-IPNs at the amounts of (b) 0% (c) 10% and (d) 30% poly(methyl methacrylate) with (top) high and (bottom) low crosslinked density.
The effect is examined of tetramethyl thiuram disulphide (TMTD) on the heat ageing and oxidation of clay-filled NR, with reference to the plasticity retention index of NR, using thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy test methods. The results showed that heat and oxygen resistant properties could be obtained when the clay-filled natural rubber compound was cured by semi-effective or effective curing systems, with 1.5 phr or 3.0 phr of TMTD. 3 refs. [Pg.70]

Miyata and Yamaoka [152] used scanning probe microscopy to determine the microscale friction force of silicone-treated polymer film surfaces. Polyurethane acrylates cured by an electron beam were used as polymer films. The microscale friction obtained by scanning probe microscopy was compared with macroscale data, such as surface free energy as determined by the Owens-Wendt method and the macroscale friction coefficient determined by the ASTM method. These comparisons showed a good linear relationship between the surface free energy and friction force, which was insensitive to the nature of polymer specimens or to silicone treatment methods. Good linearity was also observed between the macroscale and microscale friction force. It was concluded that scanning probe microscopy could be a powerful tool in this field of polymer science. Evrard et al. [153] reported coefficient of friction measurements for nitrile rubber. Frictional properties of polyacetals, polyesters, polyacrylics [63], reinforced and unreinforced polyamides, and polyethylene terephthalate [52] have also been studied. [Pg.31]

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