Natural motor

The most recent past has just indicated that the known difficulties occurring on mixing methanol with gasoline can be eliminated in that a mixture of methanol and higher alcohols is used. This increases the octane number, prevents water demixing and effects a vapour pressure drop with the result that less C4 hydrocarbons are forced out of the natural motor fuel. The following requirements are placed upon these mixed alcohols ... 

As the raw product from LURGI s Octamix Synthesis does not contain more water than can be tolerated in a blending component to natural motor fuels, a marketable product can be obtained simply by eliminating the uncondensibles and those components with boiling points lower than methanol, insofar as they may cause trouble during transportation or storage. This is done in a low boilers column similar to that for pure methanol distillation [4.3]. 

Another example is the use of natural motor proteins—so-called ATPases— as nanomotors for the delivery of dmgs, genes, or peptides. ATPases use chemical energy provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine-5 -triphosphate (ATP) and transform it to mechanical work with nearly 100% efficiency. This enables them to move objects thousands of times their weight at high speed. 

For the amputees, the natural motor control system which consist of the joint and the output (the shaded area in the diagram) are replaced with the control mechanism and the prosthesis respectively. The SEMG signal generated from the remnant muscle is used as the control channel of the system. 

With regards to the overall balance of combustion, the chemical structure of the motor or heating fuel, e.g., the number of carbon atoms in tbe chain and the nature of the bonding, does not play a direct role the only important item is the overall composition, that is, the contents of carbon, hydrogen, and — eventually— oxygen in the case of alcohols or ethers added to the fuel. 

In the applications where the compactness of the energy conversion system is the determining factor as in the case of engines, it is important to know the quantity of energy contained in a given volume of the fuel-air mixture to be burned. This information is used to establish the ultimate relations between the nature of the motor fuel and the power developed by the motor it is of prime consideration in the development of fuels for racing cars. 

Ishiwata S, Nishizaka T, Kato FI, Tadakuma FI, Iga T, Suzuki N, Miyata FI and Kinosita K 1996 Miorosoopio analysis of the nature of foroes in a single aotomyosin motor and its assemblage Neurokhimlya 13 305-13... 

Nishizaka T, Miyata H, Yoshikawa H, Ishiwata S and Kinosita K 1995 Unbinding force of a single motor molecule of muscle measured using optical tweezers Nature 377 251-4... 

Using estimates of proven reserves and commitments to energy and chemical uses of gas resources, the net surplus of natural gas in a number of different countries that might be available for major fuel methanol projects has been determined. These are more than adequate to support methanol as a motor fuel. 

Natural gas upgra ding economics may be affected by additional factors. The increasing use of compressed natural gas (CNG) directiy as fuel in vehicles provides an alternative market which affects both gas price and value (see Gasoline and other motor fuels Gas, natural). The hostility of the remote site environment where the natural gas is located may contribute to additional costs, eg, offshore sites require platforms and submarine pipelines. 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

Condensable hydrocarbons are removed from natural gas by cooling the gas to a low temperature and then by washing it with a cold hydrocarbon hquid to absorb the condensables. The uncondensed gas (mainly methane with a small amount of ethane) is classified as natural gas. The condensable hydrocarbons (ethane and heavier hydrocarbons) are stripped from the solvent and are separated into two streams. The heavier stream, which largely contains propane with some ethane and butane, can be Hquefied and is marketed as Hquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (qv). The heavier fractions, which consist of and heavier hydrocarbons, are added to gasoline to control volatihty (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

Hexane refers to the straight-chain hydrocarbon, C H branched hydrocarbons of the same formula are isohexanes. Hexanes include the branched compounds, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, and the straight-chain compound, / -hexane. Commercial hexane is a narrow-boiling mixture of these compounds with methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, and benzene (qv) minor amounts of and hydrocarbons also may be present. Hydrocarbons in commercial hexane are found chiefly in straight-mn gasoline which is produced from cmde oil and natural gas Hquids (see Gasoline AND OTHER MOTOR fuels Gas,natural). Smaller volumes occur in certain petroleum refinery streams. 

The Weissenbetg Rheogoniometer is well suited to research on homogeneous viscoelastic fluids and elastic melts. For oscillatory shear a second motor-drive mechanism is added. This allows the use of 60 frequencies in the range of 7.6 x 10 to 40 Hz at ampHtudes between 2 x 10 and 3 X 10 rad. An electronic circuit improves the precision of oscillatory measurements, particularly at frequencies neat the natural resonance frequency of the instmment itself (298). 

Butyl polymers are about 8—10 times more resistant to air permeabiUty compared to natural mbber and have excellent resistance to heat and steam or water. This accounts for its use in gaskets and diaphragms for hot water and steam service. In addition, butyl mbber can be compounded to have low residence properties and has found use in high damping mounts for engines, motors, and similar devices. Halobutyl mbbers can be blended with natural mbber, polychloroprene, and EPDM to greatiy enhance theh permeabiUty resistance. 

Such compacting presses are not suited to larger tonnages when a small briquette is required. Their reciprocating nature is a disadvantage since this produces nonuniform loads on the drive motors. 

---