Natural Gas Engineering

J. J. White, Eow Emission Catalysts for Natural Gas Engines, GRI Report 91/0214, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, SwRI 3178-22,1991. 

J. Klimstra, Catalytic Converters for Natural Gas Engines—A Measurement and Control Problem, SAE 872165, Society of Automotive Engineers,... 

While hydrogen engines have some advantages over natural-gas engines, the hydrogen fuel cell offers a true quantum leap in both emissions and efficiency. 

Almost all the major car, bus, and truck manufacturers have developed compressed natural gas engines and vehicles. These manufacturers have been able to offer better performance (due to higher octane) and far lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In 1998, Honda introduced the cleanest internal combustion engine vehicle ever commercially produced the natural gas Civic GX with emissions at one-tenth the state of California s Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standard. Primarily due to the high octane of natural gas, Honda achieved these results without sacrificing performance. 

Katz, Donald L., et al., Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1959,... 

Standard handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering / [edited by William Lyons], p. cm. 

This petroleum and natural gas engineering two-volume handbook is written in the spirit of the classic handbooks of other engineering disciplines. The two volumes reflect the importance of the industry its engineers serve (i.e., Standard and Poor s shows that the fuels sector is the largest single entity in the gross domestic product) and the profession s status as a mature engineering discipline. 

D. L. Katz. Handbook of natural gas engineering. McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959. 

R. L. Lee and D. La Verne Katz. Natural gas engineering production and storage. McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Economics Dept, New York, 1991. 

Mowery, D.L., Graboski, M.S., Ohno, T.R. et al. (1999) Deactivation of Pd0-Al203 oxidation catalyst in lean-burn natural gas engine exhaust aged catalyst characterization and studies of poisoning by H20 and S02, Appl. Catal. B 21, 157. 

Ever since the first study of metal-exchanged zeolites as new catalysts for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with methane in the presence of oxygen was undertaken (Li and Armor, 1993), the simultaneous catalytic removal of NOx and CH4 at the exhaust of lean-bum natural gas engines has remained a challenge. 

Natural gas engines can use lean-burn or stoichiometric combustion. Lean-burn combustion is similar to that which occurs in diesel engines, while stoichiometric combustion is more similar to the combustion in a gasoline engine. 

Holland and Liapis Computer Methods for Solving Dynamic Separation Problems Katz, Cornell, Kobayaski, Poettmann, Vary, Elenbaas, and Weinaug Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering King Separation Processes... 

The production, processing, transportation, and compression of NG to the CNG fuel that is used by vehicles results in less environmental impact than the production, transportation, and processing of cmde oil and the transportation of gasoline or diesel to the service stations. COj emission of NG is lower than both diesel fuel and gasoline, which makes natural gas engines favorable also in terms of the greenhouse effect. 

The objective of this exercise is to evaluate the potential of oxidation of unbumed hydrocarbons in the exhaust channel of lean-bum natural gas engines. Use GRI-Mech 3.0 (GRIM30. mec [366]) as starting mechanism and assume plug-flow conditions in the exhaust channel. 

P.G. Kristensen, B. Karll, A.B. Bendtsen, P. Glarborg, and K. Dam-Johansen. Exhaust Oxidation of Unbumed Hydrocarbons from Lean-Bum Natural Gas Engines. Combust. Sci. Techn., 157 263-292,2000. 

Fig. 3-5. z-Factors at reduced pressure and reduced temperature for ethane, propane, n-pentane, and n-hexane. (From the Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering by Katz et al. Copyright 1959 by McGraw-Hill Book Co. Used with permission of McGraw-Hill Book Co.)... 

Kakac. S.. H.F. Smirnov, and M.R. Avetino Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeratum, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 2003 Katz. D.L. and R.I.. Lee Natural Gas Engineering. Production and Storage. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., New York, NY, 1991). 

Lyons. W C-. Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Vol. 

Dependable information has been developed for the heat rejector requirements of different types of power equipment air compressors, refrigeration equipment, steam condensers, diesel engines and natural gas engines. Table 5.1 gives information on the heat absorbed by cooling water for this type of power equipment. 

---