Nanotube properties

It would be worthwhile making theoretical calculations to evaluate the effect of defects on the nanotube properties. The chemistry might be affected, although to a lesser degree because nanotubes, like graphite, are chemically quite inert. If at all possible, nanotubes should be annealed (if not also purified) before physical measurements are made. Only then are the results likely to be consistent and unambiguous. 

O Connell, MJ. (ed.) (2006) Carbon Nanotubes, Properties and Applications, CRC Taylor, Francis, Boca Raton. 

TABLE 1. Poly(p-phenylene Benzobisoxazole-co-nanotube) Properties Prepared at 100°C Using a 1 1 Weight Ratio of Methanesulfonic Acid and Polyphosphoric Acid... 

Chae HG, Liu J, Kumar S (2006) Materials carbon nanotubes properties and applications. Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton... 

Properties of inorganic nanotubes such as those of MoS2 have been investigated to some extent. However, by and large, there is much to be studied with respect to the electronic, optical and other properties of most of the inorganic nanotubes. Properties such as sorption, hydrogen storage and catalytic activity are worthy of exploration. Mechanical properties of BN, B-N-C and related nanotubes are also worthy of study. 

M.J. O Connell, Carbon Nanotubes Properties and Applications, Boca Raton, CRC Taylor Francis, 2006. 

Whatever the nanotube production method, understanding the properties of materials filled with nanotubes requires the knowledge of the nanotube properties. As a consequence, many efforts were made to experimentally measure the nanotube Young modulus and intrinsic conductivity. Fortunately in TEM, it was observed that the nanotubes were vibrating when clamped at one end and free at the other one (see Figure 3.6). Thus, the measurement of the mean-square vibration amplitude in function of the temperature allowed the determination of the Young modulus (higher than 1 TPa for bundles of SWNTs) (51). 

Jorio A, Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2004) Determination of nanotubes properties by Raman spectroscopy. Philos Trans Roy Society A-Math Phys Engin Sci 362(1824) 2311-2336... 

Jorio A, Saito R, Dresselhauss G, Dresselhaus MS (2004) Determination of nanotube properties by Raman spectroscopy. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 362 2311-2336 Kobayashi K, Takagi D, Ueno Y, Homma Y (2004) Characterization of carbon nanotubes suspended between nanostructures using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Physica E 24 26-31 Dresselhaus MS, Eklund P (2000) Phonons in carbon naotubes. Adv Phys 49 705-814 Anderson N, Hartschuh A, Novotny L (2007) Chirality changes in carbon nanotubes studied with near-field Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 7 577-582... 

For all further considerations of nanotube properties, some common concepts are discussed in this chapter. This discussion is based on the description given in refs. and For a further and deeper understanding, we refer to these references and furthermore to a review by Rao et al. and two monographs. ° ... 

Unusual properties of carbon nanotubes led to an avalanche of theoretical and experimental works. It is absolutely clear that for high efficient application of carbon nanotubes in nanotechnology nanotube properties should be properly described, in particular, their mechanical behavior. In this respect, molecular dynamics study is very promising field of nanotube science. 

Fisher, F. X, Bradshaw, R. D., and Brinson, L. C. Fiber waviness in nanotube-reinforced polymer composites— I modulus predictions using effective nanotube properties. Comp Sci and Tech., 63,1689-1703 (2003). 

Kalamkarov,A. L., Georgiades,A. V,Rokkam, S. K., Veedu, V. P. Ghasemi-Nejhad, M. N. (2006). Analytical and Numerical Techniques to Predict Carbon Nanotubes Properties. Int J. Solids Struct, 43, 6832-6854. 

However, the complexity of carbon nanotube properties leads to a continuous search for the optimization of specific properties that will maximize efficiency in cellular delivery and biological activity of the payload nucleic acid as well as minimization of toxicity. It is important that researchers studying carbon nanotubes carefully characterize each property as well as the biological effect of the specific parameters of each CNT/nucleic acid conjugate. Meaningful and consistent biological properties will become more common as the properties of CNTs become regulated. 

The cyclic peptide approach to nanotubes has some advautages over all other methods. In addition to diameter control, one can highlight that the properties of the outer surface of the nanotube can easily be modified by varying the amino acid side chains. In addition, due to the Cn symmetry of the backbone skeleton, nonsymmet-rical CPs can form an infinite number of different SPN (Figure 23b). This phenomenon is based on the interstrand rotation between two consecutive CPs, to form nonequivalent interactions for each j8-sheet. Appropriate unit design and optimization of conditions for self-assembly allows the nanotube properties to be tailored for specific applications. As a result, SPN can be used as (or in) porous solid materials, soluble cylindrical supermolecules, ion channels and other transmembrane pores, soUd-supported ion sensors, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents, and nanocluster composites. A recent review published by Granja et al. includes the most relevant examples in this area. ... 

---