Nanostructures scientific understanding

While die scientific understanding of nanostructures is deficient their use in technology is at least two thousand years old. The Lycurgis ciqi, a Roman artifact pictured in the lower left of Figure 1, utilizes nanosized Au clusters to provide different colors depending on fixint or back lighting. The Roman artisans knew how to achieve the effect they didn t know its nanocluster basis. 

Even though this volume can only cover certain aspects of a rapidly evolving held, we believe that it illustrates the many challenges ahead, and also the success of today s theoretical and spectroscopic methods in achieving a molecular-level understanding of nanostructured systems. As we learn more about the scientific foundations of the subject, we can hope to increase the... 

The aim of this volume is to understand the synthetic foundations for the construction of macromolecular nanostructured materials and to describe the reviews and results of each research project supported as frontier topics. This volume endeavors to serve as a reference work not only for specialists and non-specialists but also for graduate students who are interested in learning about national projects conducted in countries all around the world. By including articles from various different scientific backgrounds, we hope that this will increase the knowledge of the readers and impress upon them the scope of the field of nanoscience. 

PHA research has spent many years in order to properly comprehend the production of these biopolymers and to examine the isolated crystallized biopolymers, its material properties, and possible application [10, 12, 18, 19]. There is greater understanding of the applied potential of biological and biopolymer-based self-assembly systems as well as bio-nanostructures, the granules formed inside the bacterial cells which can be functionalized by bioengineering with this, the interest from the greater scientific community is also increasing. 

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