Nanostructured conductive composite polymers

Supramolecular approaches [5,7,20-22] are also effective for ion conduction in polymers. Ikkala and ten Brinke prepared the complex of polystyrene-frZock-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-fr-PVP) and oligo(ethylene oxide)sulfonic acid 11 [71,72]. The polymer self-assembles into lamellar nanostructures consisting of glassy hydrophobic polystyrene and hydrophilic PEO layers, as shown in Fig. 11. When LiCl04 is dissolved in the polymer composites, lithium ions are complexed and transported in the hydrophilic PEO layers, resulting in high ionic conductivities on the order of 10-6 S cm-1 at ambient temperature. 

A simple method was recently introduced for preparing core-shell nanostructured conductive PPy composite [45]. The PPy core particles were first introduced in flexible shell solutions by in situ polymerization, and then different core-shell structures could be obtained by the electrospinning method (Figure 4.12). In that study, PPy was selected as the as-dispersed phase (cores) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the continuous phase (shell) the morphology of the resulted nanostructures can be controlled by changing the concentration of the solutions. This method is very useful in the design and preparation of nanosized core-shell structures using electroconductive polymers. 

Table 14.1 gives an alphabetical listing of electrochemical sensors based on nanostructured conducting-polymer materials and composites. The main sensor characteristics have been extracted from the literature. The data given in the table are based on values extracted from the associated publications, either directly, or approximated from graphical data. The comments principally refer to abbreviations of the synthetic and deposition methods used, as well as other pertinent characteristics of the sensor. Responses or sensitivity values are based on either single data or slopes determined from calibrations. Detection limits are either formal limits of detection, or the lowest concentrations determined in the work, and... 

Rryszewski, M., and J.K. Jeszka. 1998. Nanostructured conducting polymer composites—Super-paramagnetic particles in conducting polymers. Synth Met 94 (1) 99-104. 

S. M. Ashraf, S. Ahmad and U. Riaz, Development of novel conducting composites of linseed-oil based poly(urethane amide) with nanostructured poly(l-naphthylamine) , Polym Int, 2007,56,1173-81. 

The processing history of CNT composites plays a significant role in determining the final transport properties. Each composite production technique induces different network formations, and resultant percolation thresholds can vary widely. From the initial methods to produce conductive CNT-polymer composites, more elaborate methods have been reported that attempt to manipulate, or nanostructure, the formation of percolated CNT networks such that the resulting percolation threshold is reduced. Two approaches towards nano-structuring polymeric nanocomposites include external-in [top-down] and internal-out [bottom-up] approaches. The first approach is described by a direct patterning of nanoparticle... 

Xiao HM, Zhang WD, Wan MX, Fu SY (2009) Novel electromagnetic functionalized y-Fe203/polypyrrole composite nanostructures with high conductivity. J Polym Sci, Part A Polym Chem 47 4446-4453... 

Kryszewski, M. and Jeska, J. K. 1998. Nanostructured conducting polymer composites—superparamagnetic particles in conducting polymers. Synthet. Metal. 94 99-104. 

Nanomaterials energy and applications As nanocrystals and nanotubes are better understood, it becomes possible to rationally design nano-structured materials for specific purposes. This area includes both chemical synthesis and physical properties of nanostructured materials incorporating fullerenes, organic conductive polymers, and inorganic nanostructures. A central goal is composite materials for solar energy utilization—new types of solar cells. 

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