Nanoscaled

The liquid-liquid interface is not only a boundary plane dividing two immiscible liquid phases, but also a nanoscaled, very thin liquid layer where properties such as cohesive energy, density, electrical potential, dielectric constant, and viscosity are drastically changed along with the axis from one phase to another. The interfacial region was anticipated to cause various specific chemical phenomena not found in bulk liquid phases. The chemical reactions at liquid-liquid interfaces have traditionally been less understood than those at liquid-solid or gas-liquid interfaces, much less than the bulk phases. These circumstances were mainly due to the lack of experimental methods which could measure the amount of adsorbed chemical species and the rate of chemical reaction at the interface [1,2]. Several experimental methods have recently been invented in the field of solvent extraction [3], which have made a significant breakthrough in the study of interfacial reactions. 

Delpeux S., Szostak K., Frackowiak E., Bonnamy S., Beguin F. High yield of pure multiwalled carbon nanotubes from the catalytic decomposition of acetylene on in-situ formed cobalt nanoparticles. J. Nanosc. Nanotech. 2002 2 481-4. 

Our studies on graphite - transition metal systems [11] have shown the methods of chemical deposition of nano-scaled metal particles on the surface of graphite supporter to be powerful technique for production of CM with well dispersed, nanoscaled homogeneously distributed modifier component. 

Bone is an extremely dense connective tissue that, in various shapes, constitutes the skeleton. Although it is one of the hardest structures in the body, bone maintains a degree of elasticity owing to its structure and composition. It possesses a hierarchical structure and, as most of the tissues, is nanostructured in fact, it is a nanoscaled composite of collagen (organic extracellular matrix) and hydroxycarbonate apatite, (HCA, bone mineral). This nanostructure is in intimate contact with the bone cells (several microns in size), which result (at the macroscopic level) in the bone tissue. Figure 12.2 shows the bone hierarchical ordering from the bone to the crystalline structure of HCA. 

Hoffmann, F. Cornelius, M. Morell, J. Froba, M. 2006. Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) Past, present, and future. J. Nanosc. Nanotech. 6 265-288. 

Vinu, A. Hossain, K. Z. Ariga, K. 2005. Recent advances in functionalization of mesoporous silica./. Nanosc. Nanotech. 5 347-371. 

The geometry of the nanoscaled metals has an effect on the fluorescence enhancement. Theoretically, when the metal is introduced to the nanostructure, the total radiative decay rate will be written as T + rm, where Tm corresponds to the radiative decay rate close to the metal surface. So, (1) and (2) should be modified and the quantum yield and lifetime are represented as ... 

Therefore, it became clear that those methods are reliable tools to detect, to analyze and to optimize all sorts of materials, and in many cases they already turn out to be some sort of cheap, fast and reliable alternative to standard experimental methods in materials science. But still, a lot of work is needed to be done in gaining a more profound experience in what could be called materials engineering , which means systematical understanding and development of new nanoscaled materials with definite properties, and in looking for the mechanism of the so called self-assembling of boron- and carbon-based materials to propose, predict and create nanodevices towards manufacturing of useful solids [1]. 

Sols arc dispersions of colloidal particles in a liquid. Colloids arc nanoscaled entities dispersed in a fluid. Gels are viscoelastic bodies that have interconnected pores of submicrometric dimensions. A gel typically consists of at Icasl two phases, a solid network that entraps a liquid phase. Sol-gel technology is the preparation of ceramic, glass, or composite materials by the preparation of a sol, gelation of the sol. and removal of the solvent. 

K. Wang, J.-J. Xu and H.-Y. Chen, A novel glucose biosensor based on the nanoscaled cobalt phthalocyanine-glucose oxidase biocomposite, Biosens. Bioelectron., 20 (2005) 1388-1396. 

Shen J, Han XM, Lee LJ (2006) Nanoscaled reinforcement of polystyrene foams using carbon nanofibers. J Cell Plast 42 105-126... 

E. Bermejo, T. Becue, C. Lacour, M. Quarton, Synthesis of nanoscaled iron particles from freeze-dried precursors, Powder Technol. 94 (Issues 1) (1997) 29-34. 

Abstract Online characterization of nanoscaled particles is an important... 

In this paper the theoretical background and the potentials of TIRE-LII for the determination of the size and mass concentration of nanoscaled... 

TIRE-LII has been found to be a powerful tool for the characterization of nanoscaled particles for basic studies on particle formation and for the investigation of technical nanoparticle applications in mechanical and chemical engineering. 

Tschope, A., Ying, J. Y., and Tuller, H. L., Symposium B on Materials for Sensors Functional Nanoscaled Structures, Saarbruecken, Germany, 111 (1996). 

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