Nanoparticle from polysaccharides

Nanoparticles have been prepared from polysaccharides, proteins, and amphiphilic macromolecules by inducing their aggregation followed by stabilization either by heat denaturation or chemical cross-linking. The former can be done by water-in-oil emulsion system or in aqueous environments. The cross-... 

S. Kohler, T. Liebert, and T. Heinze, Interaction of ionic liquids with polysaccharides. VI. pure cellulose nanoparticles from trimethylsilyl cellulose synthesized in ionic liquids, J. Polym. Set A Polym. Chem., 46 (2008) 4070 080. 

Boddohi S, Moore N, Johnson PA et al (2009) Polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles from chitosan, heparin, and hyaluronan. Biomacromolecules 10 1402-1409... 

A similar procedure was adopted for synthesis of nanoparticles of cellulose (CelNPs). The polysaccharide nanoparticles were derivatised under ambient conditions to obtain nanosized hydrophobic derivatives. The challenge here is to maintain the nanosize even after derivatisation due to which less vigorous conditions are preferred. A schematic synthesis of acetyl and isocyanate modified derivatives of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) is shown in scheme 3. The organic modification was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern which revealed that A- style crystallinity of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) was destroyed and new peaks emerged on derivatisation. FT-IR spectra of acetylated derivatives however showed the presence of peak at 3400 cm- due to -OH stretching indicating that the substitution is not complete. 

Fig. 8 Preparation of amphiphilic polysaccharide. Chemical structures of deoxycholic acid-modified chitosan (a) and Phe-modified pectin (pectin-gra/t-Phe) (b). SEM image of nanoparticles prepared from pectin-gra/t-Phe (c)...

Pan Y, Li YJ, Zhao HY, Zheng JM, Xu H, Wei G, Hao JS, Cui FD (2002) Bioadhesive polysaccharide in protein delivery system chitosan nanoparticles improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in vivo. Int J Pharm 249(1-2) 139-147 Park K, Robinson JR (1984) Bioadhesive polymers as platforms for oral-controlled drug delivery method to study bioadhesion. Int J Pharm 19 107-127 Patel H, Ryman BE (1981) Systemic and oral administration of liposomes. In Knight CG(ed) Liposomes From Physical Structure To Therapeutic Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 409-441... 

Figure 6.43. TEM images of a ID array of Au nanoparticles formed through the interaction of PEO and polysaccharide chains. Reproduced with permission from Takagi, K. Ishiwatari, T. Chem. Lett. 2002, 990. Copyright 2002 Chemical Society of Japan.

Fig. 4 Self-assembled hydrogel nanoparticles of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides. Note that nanoparticles have multiple inner cores which physically cross-link the hydrophilic polysaccharide chain. (Modified from Ref...

In addition to the synthesis of polysaccharides, the transglucosylation activity of GH family 13 amylosucrase from N. polysaccharea has been employed to modify amylo-polysaccharides, underlying the interest of this enzyme for the design of novel thickening agents, resistant starches, and original carbohydrate-based dendritic nanoparticles [73, 74]. 

Chitosan samples purchased from a commercial supplier were analyzed for the degree of Af-deacetylation (DD) and molecular weight (MW). The DD of chitosan samples were 81% with an MW of 200 kDa. Antrodia cinnamomea extract (ACE) polysaccharides encapsulated in silica-chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by synthesis from sodium silicate and chitosan solution. Sodium silicate was dissolved in 30 mL buffer (0.05M sodium acetate) to prepare 0.55% (w/w) solution (pH 6.0). Immediately after the dissolution of silicate on a magnetic stirrer, 6 mL ACE polysaccharide solution (0.1% w/w) and 3 mL chitosan solution (0.55% w/w) were added. The solution containing chitosan, silicate, and ACE polysaccharides was mixed completely. Afterward, it was moved from the stirrer to the benchtop. ACE polysaccharides encapsulated in silica-chitosan nanoparticles were centrifuged after 4 h of synthesis. Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by the same procedure for 12 h without the addition of chitosan solution. 

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