Naming of Derivatives

Several deoxy sugars have trivial names established by long usage, e.g. fucose (Fuc), quinovose (Qui) and rhamnose (Rha). They are illustrated here in the pyranose form. These names are retained for the unmodified sugars, but systematic names are usually preferred for the formation of names of derivatives, especially where deoxygenation is at a chiral centre of the parent sugar. (See also the alphabetical listing of trivial names in the Appendix.)... 

Use of deoxy- in combination with an established trivial name (see Charts I and II) is straightforward if the formal deoxygenation does not affect the configuration at any asymmetric centre. However if deoxy removes a centre of chirality, the resulting names contain stereochemical redundancy. In such cases, systematic names are preferred, especially for the naming of derivatives. 

Thus organometallic compounds can be named by an additive or a substitutive process. Additive nomenclature is applicable to all organometallic compounds, but substitutive nomenclature is arbitrarily restricted to names of derivatives of specific metals, the elements of Groups 14, 15, 16 and 17, and boron. 

If application of the numbering rules in any system still leaves a choice, this may be settled by consideration of substituents (see Section III, Naming of Derivatives). 

Type of Derived Sugars No. of Carbon Atoms Name of Derived Sugars Occurance... 

IR-6.2.4.1 Heteronuclear acyclic parent hydrides in general IR-6.2.4.2 Hydrides consisting of chains of alternating skeletal atoms IR-6.2.4.3 Heteronuclear monocyclic parent hydrides Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature IR-6.2.4.4 Skeletal replacement in boron hydrides IR-6.2.4.5 Heteronuclear polycyclic parent hydrides IR-6.3 Substitutive names of derivatives of parent hydrides IR-6.3.1 Use of suffixes and prefixes IR-6.3.2 Hydrogen substitution in boron hydrides IR-6.4 Names of ions and radicals derived from parent hydrides... 

Substitutive nomenclature is a system in which names are based on the names of parent hydrides, which define a standard population of hydrogen atoms attached to a skeletal structure. Names of derivatives of the parent hydrides are formed by citing prefixes or suffixes appropriate to the substituent groups (or substituents) replacing the hydrogen atoms (preceded by locants when required), joined without a break to the name of the unsubstituted parent hydride. 

In the following table, in order to avoid confusion, the names of derivatives and designation of isomers used by Small and his co-workers aro adhered to, formula numbers being added wherever possible to aid identification. 

FIGURE 4.12 Dibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), often called simply dioxin. In the structure of dibenzo-p-dioxin, each number refers to a numbered carbon atom to which an H atom is bound, and the names of derivatives are based upon the carbon atoms where another group has been substituted for the H atoms, as is seen by the structural formula and name of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodihenzo-p-dioxin. 

Physical quantity Derived unit Name of derived unit... 

In general, the United States Adopted Name (USAN) is used throughout to identify each drug. Names of derivatives, such as esters, which would have different chromatographic properties, are identified by placing the derivative name in parentheses after the retention time. 

Much of the early work on amphiphiles was undertaken on soaps and lipids based on fatty acids, and the corresponding non-systematic chemical names of these parent compounds and their derivatives are still commonly encountered. For convenience, Table 4.1 lists the systematic and trivial names of fatty acids, along with their structures. The names of derivatives are based on these for example sodium dodecyl sulphate is (still ) sometimes referred to as sodium lauryl sulphate. Other non-systematic names also exist to cause further confusion For example, hexadecyl (Cie chain) compounds are often termed cetyl derivatives. The use of the term fatty here and elsewhere is used to indicate an alkyl chain with 12 or more carbon atoms, i.e. a hydrocarbon that forms fats. 

The illustrative structural diagram with the numerical locants on the constituent atoms is particularly helpful when the systematic Index Names of derivatives of the appropriate ring system are sou t. With these names a literature search can be rapidly carried out either online or in the CAS printed services. 

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