Names and symbols of atoms

1 Systematic nomenclature and symbols for new elements IR-3.2 Indication of mass, charge and atomic number using indexes (subscripts and superscripts) 

1 Isotopes of an element IR-3.3.2 Isotopes of hydrogen IR-3.4 Elements (or elementary substances) 

1 Name of an element of indefinite molecular formula or structure IR-3.4.2 Allotropes (allotropic modifications) of elements IR-3.4.3 Names of allotropes of definite molecular formula IR-3.4.4 Crystalline allotropic modifications of an element 

5 Solid amorphous modifications and commonly recognized allotropes of indefinite structure 

The origins of the names of some chemical elements, for example antimony, are lost in antiquity. Other elements recognized (or discovered) during the past three centuries were named according to various associations of origin, physical or chemical properties, etc., and more recently to commemorate the names of eminent scientists. 

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ELEMENTS. ATOMS, AND GROUP OF ATOMS Names and Symbols of Atoms... 

In the modern periodic table, each box contains four data, as shown in Figure 1-2. Besides the element name and symbol, the atomic weight is at the bottom, and the atomic number is at the top. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal rows called periods. 

The Names and Symbols of the Elements. The names of the ele ments are given in order of atomic number in Table 4-1. The chemical symbols of the elements, used as abbreviations for their names, are also given in the table. These symbols are usually the initial letters of the names, plus another letter when necessary. In some cases the initial letters of Latin names are used Fe for iron (ferrum), Cu for copper (cuprum), Ag for silver (argentum), Au for gold (aurum), Hg for mercury (hydrargyrum). Th system of chemical symbols was proposed by the great Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) in 1811. 

Corish, J. and Rosenblatt, G. M. 2003. Name and symbol of the element with atomic number... 

What makes an atom of one element different from an atom of another element is that the atoms of each element have a characteristic number of protons. Indeed, the number of protons in an atom of any particular element is called that element s atomic number. Because an atom has no net electrical charge, the number of electrons it contains must equal the number of protons. All atoms of carbon, for example, have six protons and six electrons, whereas all atoms of oxygen have eight protons and eight electrons. Thus, carbon has atomic number 6, and oxygen has atomic number 8. The atomic number of each element is listed with the name and symbol of the element on the inside front cover of the text. 

A monatomic ion has a charge of +2. The nucleus of ARIS the parent atom has a mass number of 55. If the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 1.2 times that of the number of protons, what is the name and symbol of the element ... 

Atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons, and consequently in mass, are called isotopes. The symbol C or simply (read "carbon twelve," carbon-12) represents the carbon atom with six protons and six neutrons. The number of protons, which is called the atomic number, is shown by Ihe subscript. The atomic number of each element is listed witii the name and symbol of Ihe element on the front inside cover of tire text. Because all atoms of a given element have the same atomic number, tire subscript is redundant and hence is usually omitted. The superscript is called tire mass number it is Ihe total number of protons plus neutrons in the atom. Some carbon atoms, for example, contain six protons and eight neutrons and are consequently represented as (read "carbon fourteen"). Several isotopes of carbon are listed in Table 2.2 T. 

Two natural isotopes of carbon are and carbon-12 and carbon-13. From the name and symbol of the isotopes and from Equation 5.1, you can find the number of neutrons in each nucleus. In carbon-12, if you subtract the atomic number (protons) from the mass number (protons + neutrons), you get the number of neutrons ... 

Write the name and symbol of the element with each of the following atomic numbers ... 

Loss, R.D., Corish, J. Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 114 and 116 (lUPAC recommendations 2012). Pure Appl. Chem. 84, 1669—1672 (2012)... 

Chapter 4, Atoms and Elements, introduces elements and atoms and the periodic table. The names and symbols of element 114, Herovium, FI, and 116, Livermorium, Lv, have been added to update the periodic table. Atomic numbers and mass number are determined for isotopes. Atomic mass is calculated using the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances. Trends in the properties of elements are discussed, including atomic size, electron-dot symbols, ionization energy, and metallic character. 

The separate question of names and symbols for the new elements has, unfortunately, taken even longer to resolve, but definitive recommendations were ratified by lUPAC in August 1997 and have been generally accepted. It is clearly both unsatisfactory and confusing to have more than one name in current use for a given element and to have the same name being applied to two different elements. For this reason the present treatment refers to the individual elements by means of their atomic numbers. However, to help readers with the nomenclature used in the references cited, a list of the various names that are in use or that have been suggested from time to time is summarised in Table 31.7. 

An internationally accepted chemical notation makes use of symbols to represent elements and compounds, and advises on naming chemical compounds. In this notation, the elements are represented by one or two letters, many of which are drawn from the elements Latin or Greek names. The number of atoms of an element in a molecule is represented by a subscript written after the symbol thus Au (the first two letters of aurum, the Latin name for gold) represents an atom of gold Cu (the first two letters of cuprum, the Latin name for copper), an atom of copper and C (the first letter of carbon), an atom of carbon O represents an atom of oxygen and 02, a molecule of oxygen. The symbols listed below provide examples of the presently accepted form of chemical notation ... 

Our goal in this chapter is to help you learn about the composition of the atom, the periodic table, and the writing and naming of chemical formulas. Check with your instructor to see how many element names and symbols you need to know, although you will learn many of them through practice. We will only give you an abbreviated list of ions and molecules, so consult your text for a more extensive list. Have a periodic table handy for the discussion throughout the chapter. Practice, Practice, Practice. 

No symbol has been approved by the IUPAC for dissociation energy in the chemical thermodynamics section [13]. Under Atoms and Molecules, either El or D is indicated. The latter is more common, and IUPAC recommends Do and De for the dissociation energy from the ground state and from the potential minimum, respectively. Because the bond energy concept will be omnipresent in this book and can be explored in a variety of ways, some extra names and symbols are required. This matter will be handled whenever needed, but for now we agree to use DUP for a standard bond dissociation internal energy and DHj for a standard bond dissociation enthalpy, both at a temperature T. In cases where it is clear that the temperature refers to 298.15 K, a subscript T will be omitted. 

The basic materials of systematic chemical nomenclature are the element names and symbols, which are, of themselves, trivial, with the exception of the systematic, provisional names and symbols for the elements of atomic number greater than 109. These provisional names will be superseded eventually by trivial names and symbols. In any case, they make little impact on general chemical practice. 

Table 1.1 gives the structures of the elements at zero temperature and pressure. Each structure type is characterized by its common name (when assigned), its Pearson symbol (relating to the Bravais lattice and number of atoms in the cell), and its Jensen symbol (specifying the local coordination polyhedron about each non-equiyalent site). We will discuss the Pearson and Jensen symbols later in the following two sections. We should note,... 

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