Nail products

Butanol is used in the production of butyl acetate, butyl glycol ether, and plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate as a solvent in the coating industry as a solvent for extractions of oils, drugs, and cosmetic nail products and as an ingredient for perfumes and flavor. 

Based on the available data, the use of n-butanol as an ingredient is considered safe under the present practices and concentrations in cosmetic nail products (Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association 1987a). 

A recent study indicates that they have twice as many miscarriages as other women, from using the formaldehyde-based products in their profession, such as hair perms, nail products, and disinfectants. 

By employing a shghtly modified funnel, the glass nail can be utilised, in conjunction with a drying p. tube packed with desiccant, for drying the product... 

Quick-breaking foams consist of a miscible solvent system such ethanol (qv) [64-17-5] and water, and a surfactant that is soluble in one of the solvents but not in both. These foams are advantageous for topical appHcation of pharmaceuticals because, once the foam hits the affected area, the foam coUapses, deUvering the product to the wound without further injury from mechanical dispersion. This method is especially usehil for treatment of bums. Some personal products such as nail poHsh remover and after-shave lotion have also been formulated as quick-breaking foams. 

Wool belongs to a family of proteins, the keratins, that also includes hair and other types of animal protective tissues such as horn, nails, feathers, and the outer skin layers. The relative importance of wool as a textile fiber has declined over the decades as synthetic fibers have increa singly been used in textile consumption. Wool is still an important fiber in the middle and upper price ranges of the textile market. It is also an extremely important export for several nations, notably AustraUa, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina and commands a price premium over most other fibers because of its outstanding natural properties of soft handle (the feel of the fabric), moisture absorption abiUties (and hence comfort), and superior drape (the way the fabric hangs) (see Fibers Textiles). Table 2 shows wool production and sheep numbers in the world s principal wool-producing countries. 

Products such as aftershave lotions, hair tonics, and soaps contain additives purely for esthetic reasons. In many cases, though, the colorant is a significant functional part of a cosmetic, often comprising half of its total weight. Some cosmetics, including eyebrow pencils, nail poHshes, and rouges, are really Httie more than colorants mixed with one or more materials that serve simply as binders, vehicles, or diluents to give the product desirable appHcation properties (29,36-40). 

Only synthetically prepared Ti02 can be used as a color additive. It is permitted ia foods to 1% and is used to color such products as confectionary paimed goods, cheeses, and icings. It is also widely used ia tableted dmg products and ia numerous cosmetics such as Upsticks, nail enamels, face powder, eye makeup, and rouges, ia amounts consistent with good manufactuting practice (42). 

Over the years the cosmetic iadustry has created a wide variety of products for nail care. Some of these, such as cuticle removers and nail hardeners, are functional others, such as nail lacquers, lacquer removers, and nail elongators, are decorative. 

Functional Nail-Care Products. Cuticle removers are solutions of dilute alkaHes that faciHtate removal, or at least softeniag, of the cuticle. Formulations containing as much as 5% potassium hydroxide have been reported. Such preparations may contain about 10% glycerine to reduce dryiag, and thickeners, such as clays, to reduce mnoff Lipids and other conditioners are iacluded to reduce damage to tissues other than the cuticle. 

Nail hardeners have been based on various proteia cross-linking agents. Only formaldehyde is widely used commercially. Contact with skin and inhalation must be avoided to preclude sensiti2ation and other adverse reactions. The popularity of products of this type is decreasiag because the polymers used ia nail elongators can be used to coat nails to iacrease the mechanical strength. 

Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammoniumbenzoate (denatonium benzoate [3734-33-6] Bitrex) is an extremely bitter tasting, nonirritating, and nonmutagenic compound that has been widely used in many household products such as detergents, nail poHsh removers, and cleaning agents, to prevent childhood poisoning. It is also used as an alcohol denaturant. 

Nail sickness Nail sickness is chemical decay associated with corroded metals in marine situations. Chemical degradation of wood by the products of metal corrosion is brought about by bad workmanship or maintenance, or unsuitable (permeable) timber species, all of which permit electrolyte and oxygen access which promotes corrosion. Chemical decay of wood by alkali occurs in cathodic areas (metal exposed oxygen present). Softening and embrittlement of wood occurs in anodic areas (metal embedded oxygen absent) caused by mineral acid from hydrolysis of soluble iron corrosion products. 

There are many variants of benzophenone. They often have numbers after the name, a type of shorthand to indicate which variant is in use. The variations change features, such as solubility or the ease and functionality of bonding with plastics used in packaging. For example, ben-zophenone-2 is used in alcohol-based products, while benzophenone-5 is used in water-based products. Benzophenone-6 is used in nail polish, and benzophenone-9 is used in bath and skin-care products. Some examples are shown below. 

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