NADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine

NADP = nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH = reduced nicotinamide—adenine dinucleotide phosphate NDP = nucleoside... 

In living organisms, aldehyde and ketone reductions are carried out by either of the coenzymes NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Although... 

NADPH Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAF Neutrophil activating factor l-NAME L-Nitroarginine methyl ester... 

In the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian, the SVWN exchange-correlation functional was used. Equation 4.12 was applied to calculate the electron density of folate, dihydrofolate, and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) bound to the enzyme— dihydrofolate reductase. For each investigated molecule, the electron density was compared with that of the isolated molecule (i.e., with VcKt = 0). A very strong polarizing effect of the enzyme electric field was seen. The largest deformations of the bound molecule s electron density were localized. The calculations for folate and dihydrofolate helped to rationalize the role of some ionizable groups in the catalytic activity of this enzyme. The results are,... 

Table I). The levels of both, cytochrome P-L50 (Table i) and its NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) requiring reducing component (Figure l)(which can be measured as NADPH dependent cytochrome c reductase) are substantial in fish liver microsomes, although lower than in mammals. NADPH cytochrome c reductase level in trout Salmo trutta lacustris) is 20 nmol cytochrome c reduced/mg microsomal protein/min the corresponding activity in male Sprague Dawley rat liver microsomes is 96 nmol cytochrome c reduced/mg microsomal protein/min (lU). 

NADPH = reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate... 

NADPH Reduced nicotinamide adenine sER Smooth endoplasmic reticulum... 

Figure 21 -8 Major glycolytic pathways of the erythrocyte. Substrates are in uppercase type, and enzymes are in parentheses. EMP, The Embden-Meyerhof pathway HMP hexose monophosphate pathway or pentose shunt RLC, the Rapoport-Luebering cycle ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate NAD, nicotinamide-adenine dinudeotide NADH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide NADP, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate.The step from ribulose-5-phosphate, which is shown as being catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, is an abbreviation of this portion of the HMR...

Fig. 8. Simplified free energy diagram of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (for details see Ref.27, 69X For the sake of simplicity only the reduced forms of the corresponding redox carriers are given. The electronic excitations are symbolized by thick open arrows, thermal redox reactions in the dark are indicated by thin arrows. Abbreviations Cyt fre(j = reduced cytochrome f, NADPH = reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidphosphate, PCjgj = reduced plastocyanine, PQH2 = plastohydroquinone, Xf and X 320- are the reduced forms of the primary electron acceptor of C[ and Qj, respectively [see Eq. (14a, b)l, Y = watersplitting enzyme system...

The relationship between anabolic and catabolic processes is illustrated in Figure 1.20. As nutrient molecules are degraded, energy and reducing power are conserved in ATP and NADH molecules, respectively. Biosynthetic processes use metabolites of catabolism, synthesized ATP and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a source of reducing power, i.e., high-energy electrons), to create complex structure and function. 

The reactions of photosynthesis can be carried out in the dark by cells of green plants if they are provided with a supply both of ATP and of another substance, NADPH (reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which has the formula... 

The 2,3-butanediol cycle in bacteria, as proposed by Juni and Heym (1956). The boxed area represents 2,3-BD formation in bacteria. BDL butanediol TPP thiamine pyrophosphate AACS acetyiacetoin synthase AACR acetyiacetoin reductase NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (Redrawn from Syu (2001), with permission)... 

A brief survey of pertinent aspects of comparative enzymology based on those references is presented here. The two enzyme systems which operate sequentially in fatty acid synthesis are acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS). Straight-chain fatty acid synthesis operates using acetyl-CoA as the chain initiator, while branched-chain compounds are synthesized using isobutyryl-, isovaleryl- or 2-methylbutyryl-CoA esters. In either case malonyl-CaA acts as the unit for fatty acid chain extension and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) as the hydrogen donor. The repeated condensation of malonyl-CoA with the appropriate chain initiator by FAS ultimately produces the appropriate end-product, usually 16 0, palmitic acid, in the great majority of organisms (292, 293). 

THR tetrahydrofolate NADR nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RBC, red blood cell NADP+, oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate... 

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