Vinylpyrrolidone, N-

C. Manufactured from butyrolactone and ammonia. Easily hydrolysed to 4-amino-butanoic acid, its most important use is for the formation of N-vinylpyrrolidone by reaction with elhyne. 

In contrast to /3-PCPY, ICPY did not initiate copolymerization of MMA with styrene [39] and AN with styrene [40]. However, it accelerated radical polymerization by increasing the rate of initiation in the former case and decreasing the rate of termination in the latter case. The studies on photocopolymerization of MMA with styrene in the presence of ICPY has also been reported [41], /8-PCPY also initiated radical copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine with methyl methacrylate [42]. However, the ylide retarded the polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone, initiated by AIBN at 60°C in benzene [44]. (See also Table 2.)... 

Most other hydrophilic monomers inclined to radical polymerization (methacrylamide, methacrylic acid, N-vinylpyrrolidone, aminoalkyl and hydroxyalkyl methacrylates) do not form hydrogels with high swellability in water. 

There are several other interesting polymers forming SAH with swellings up to 1500 ml g 1 under irradiation in aqueous solutions, such as sodium salts of PAAc [83], copolymers of AAm with AAc [22], poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone [84], PVA... 

In which the ratio m/n is close to 3. The silane was produced by free radical copolymerization of vinyltriethoxysilane with N-vinylpyrrolidone. Its number-average molecular weight evaluated by vapour-phase osmometry was 3500. Porous silica microballs with a mean pore diameter of 225 A, a specific surface area (Ssp) of 130 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.8 cm3/g were modified by the silane dissolved in dry toluene. After washings and drying, 0.55% by weight of nitrogen and 4.65% of carbon remained on the microballs. Chromatographic tests carried out with a series of proteins have proved the size-exclusion mechanism of their separation. 

Indeed, the polymeric interface seems to be highly diffuse and hydrophilic because copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N- (2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide are readily soluble in water [53]. Besides, aminopropyl-glass adsorbs the acryloyl chloride copolymer so that only 10% of its active functions become amidated. The rest is located on the loops and tails of the attached macromolecules [51]. Thus the steric repulsion of the bonded phase is a probable reason for the high inertness of the packing towards viruses. 

Typical examples of organic polymers satisfying the above requirements are as follows poly (2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (2), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (3), or poly(N,N-... 

A terpolymer fonned from ionic monomers AMPS, sodium vinyl sulfonate or vinylbenzene sulfonate itaconic acid, and a nonionic monomer, for example, acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl acetamide, and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, is used as a fluid loss agent in oil well cements [1562], The terpolymer should have a molecular weight between 200,000and 1,000,000 Daltons. The terpolymer comprises AMPS, acrylamide, and itaconic acid. Such copolymers also serve in drilling fluids [1892]. 

An N-vinylpyrrolidone/acrylamide random copolymer (0.05% to 5.0% by weight) is used for cementing compositions [371, 1076]. Furthermore, a sulfonate-containing cement dispersant is necessary. The additive can be used in wells with a bottom-hole temperature of 80° to 300° F. The fluid loss additive mixture is especially effective at low temperatures, for example, below 100° F and in sodium silicate-extended slurries. 

For aqueous cement slurries a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and a salt of styrenesulfonic acid has been proposed [1585]. A naphthalene sulfonic acid salt condensed with formaldehyde serves as a dispersant. 

N-vinylpyrrolidone, and the sodium salt of vinyl sulfonate dispersants are sodium or potassium salts or a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate ... 

N-Vinylpyridine N-Vinylpyrrolidone Vinylsulfonic acid Figure 12-1. N-Vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylsulfonic acid. 

Vinyl phosphonic acid N-Vinylpyrrolidone Vinyl sulfonic acid... 

Haas I, Shanmugam S, Gedanken A (2006) Pulsed sonoelectrochemical synthesis of size-controlled copper nanoparticles stabilize by poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). J Phys Chem B 110 16947-16952... 

Free radical polymerization combined with anionic ring polymerization was employed for the synthesis of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-fr-poly(D,L-lactide), PVP-fr-PDLLA, as shown in Scheme 49 [121]. The free radical polymerization of VP was conducted using 2,2/-azobis[2-methyl-M-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide] as the initiator, isopropyl alcohol and 2-... 

Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-Dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate (Quaternary), High - 1.0-5.0 Polysciences, Warrington, PA... 

MCX N - vinylpyrrolidone cation exchange and reversed (84) general screening of... 

Several approaches have been undertaken to construct redox active polymermodified electrodes containing such rhodium complexes as mediators. Beley [70] and Cosnier [71] used the electropolymerization of pyrrole-linked rhodium complexes for their fixation at the electrode surface. An effective system for the formation of 1,4-NADH from NAD+ applied a poly-Rh(terpy-py)2 + (terpy = terpyridine py = pyrrole) modified reticulated vitreous carbon electrode [70]. In the presence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase as production enzyme, cyclohexanone was transformed to cyclohexanol with a turnover number of 113 in 31 h. However, the current efficiency was rather small. The films which are obtained by electropolymerization of the pyrrole-linked rhodium complexes do not swell. Therefore, the reaction between the substrate, for example NAD+, and the reduced redox catalyst mostly takes place at the film/solution interface. To obtain a water-swellable film, which allows the easy penetration of the substrate into the film and thus renders the reaction layer larger, we used a different approach. Water-soluble copolymers of substituted vinylbipyridine rhodium complexes with N-vinylpyrrolidone, like 11 and 12, were synthesized chemically and then fixed to the surface of a graphite electrode by /-irradiation. The polymer films obtained swell very well in aqueous... 

CEL dye. A CEL solution was obtained by dissolving poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) (7 g) and Dl (5.8 g) in 50 wt% aqueous acetic acid. (87.2 g). The CEL layer was spin-coated onto a photoresist, RI-7000P (Hitachi Chemical Co.), and baked at 80T for 20 minutes. Exposure was performed with an in-house i-line reduction projection aligner. The resist was developed in a 2. 38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. The film thickness was measured with an Alpha-step 200 (Tencor)... 

PIPo = copolymer of N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylpyrrolidone PSI = copolymer of styrene and N-vinylimidazole... 

When dopa was oxidized using the PIPo-Cu catalyst, the distinguished acceleration was observed as compared with the PVIm-Cu or imidazole-Cu catalysts (Fig. 6). An increase in content of the N-vinylpyrrolidone residue in the PIPo copolymer caused higher activity of the Cu complex for the dopa oxidation. The similar acceleration was also produced when N-methyl-pyrrolidone was added to the system of PVIm-Cu. However, nearly 103 fold concentration of the pyrrolidone residue was necessary as compared with the PIPo copolymer. Addition of homopolymer of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone to PVIm-Cu caused no acceleration. 

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