N-Methyl-glucamine

Amino-2,4,6-triiodo-N-methylisophthalamic acid Acetic anhydride N-methyl glucamine... 

A series of attempts to discover optimum reaction conditions was made in view of preventing formation of by-products arising from the reaction of the acyl halogenide with different functional groups within the N-methyl glucamine molecule. Nonetheless, a subsequent purification step was necessary to remove by-products and unreacted starting material. This turned out to be complicated due to similar solubilities of both the... 

Decanoic acid N-methyl-glucamine 2-Methyl-2 butanol 83 22... 

Replace sodium with N-methyl glucamine No change... 

Scheme 4.5 Two-step synthesis of fatty acid glucamides by reductive alkylation of methyl amine with glucose to obtain N-methyl glucamine, which is acylated by a base-catalysed reaction with fatty acid methyl ester in a second step.

An interesting new approach for making carboxylic acid amides is shown in Figure 3.9. Monsan and coworkers [18] used lipases from C. antarctica and Rhi-zomucor miehei as catalysts in the direct amidation reaction between free fatty adds and a secondary sugar amine (N-methyl-glucamine) in hexane. Such a reaction would be impossible in water since amide hydrolysis would predominate for thermodynamic reasons. Because free N-methyl-glucamine was insoluble in hexane, it was added as an ionic complex with the free fatty add. The enzymatic... 

To ensure the specificity of the signal, it will always be very helpful to test a unique feature of the carrier under investigation, such as specific inhibition, dependence on anions/cations/protons or trans-activation by another substrate. Sodium dependency, for example, can be tested by replacement with N-methyl-D-glucamine, whereas choline chloride as substitute of sodium is not recommended, since it may influence the membrane potential. In light of the recent finding that many transport proteins display an overlapping substrate spectrum, such specificity controls should receive adequate appreciation. 

It is possible that the water-filled a-LTX channel, which is relatively wide ( 10A at its narrowest (Krasilnikov and Sabirov 1992 Orlova et al. 2000), can pass small molecules. Indeed, a-LTX channels inserted in the membranes of synaptosomes, NMJ nerve terminals, and receptor-transfected COS7 cells appear to pass fluorescein (Stokes-Einstein radius, Re = 4.5 A) and norepinephrine (Re < 4 A) (Davletov et al. 1998 Rahman et al. 1999 Volynski et al. 2000), shown in Figure 2 for comparison with 8-hydrated calcium ion (Rc = 4.2 A) and the toxin channel. Analysis of impermeant cations commonly used in channel studies reveals that a-LTX channels are poorly permeable (Hurlbut et al. 1994) to glucosamine H+(Re = 4.6 A) and not significantly permeable (Tse and Tse 1999) to N-methyl-D-glucamine (Re = 5.2 A), thus limiting the pore diameter by 10 A. 

Chromy V, Zahradnicek L, Voznicek J. Use of N-methyl-D-glucamine as buffer in the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Clin Chem 1981 27(10) 1729-1732. 

Acetylamino)-5-[(aoetylamino)methyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-benzoic acid N-methyl-D-glucamine salt,... 

A large and time-dependent increase of the electron spin resonance signal corresponding to the NO-Fe(II) N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate complex was observed in the ischaemic area 8h and 24 h after myocardial ischaemia induced by occlusion of the left main coronary artery (Lecour et al. 2001). In contrast, no electron spin resonance triplet was observed in the non-ischaemic region of the heart and in sham-operated rats. 

---