MWNTs. See

A schematic illustration of the model is shown in Figure 10.2.12, together with that of polyhedral nanoparticles which grow as byproducts of MWNTs (see Fig. 10.2.3). An initial seed of an MWNT is the same as that of a polyhedral nanoparticle. Carbon neutrals [C, C2 (19)] and ions (C+) deposit and coagulate with each other to form atomic clusters and fine particles on a surface of the cathode. Structures of the particles at this stage may be amorphous with high fluidity (liquidlike) because of the high temperature ( 3500 K) of the electrode surface and ion bombardment. 

Multivariate curve resolution, 6 54—56 Multivariate linear regression, 6 32—35 Multivariate optical elements (MOE), 6 68 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 77 48, 49 22 720 26 737. See also Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesis of, 26 806 Multiwall fullerenes, 12 231 Multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs), 12 232 Multiwall paper bags, 78 11 Multiway analysis, 6 57-63 Multiyear profitability analysis, 9 535-537 Multiyear venture analysis, 0 537-544 sample, 9 542-S44 Mummification, 5 749 Mumps vaccine, 25 490 491 Mumps virus, 3 137 Municipal biosolids, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal distribution, potential for saline water use in, 26 55-56 Municipal effluents, disposal of, 26 54 Municipal landfill leachate, chemicals found in, 25 876t... 

Fig. 12.3 Fabrication of the nanocomposite paper units for battery, (a) Schematic of the battery assembled by using nanocomposite film units. The nanocomposite unit comprises LiPF6 electrolyte and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) embedded inside cellulose paper. A thin extra layer of cellulose covers the top of the MWNT array. Ti/Au thin film deposited on the exposed MWNT acts as a current collector. In the battery, a thin Li electrode film is added onto the nanocomposite, (b) Cross-sectional SEM image of the nanocomposite paper showing MWNT protruding from the cel-lulose-RTIL ([bmlm] [Cl]) thin films (scale bar, 2pm). The schematic displays the partial exposure of MWNT. A supercapacitor is prepared by putting two sheets of nanocomposite paper together at the cellulose exposed side and using the MWNTs on the external surfaces as electrodes, (c) Photographs of the nanocomposite units demonstrating mechanical flexibility. Flat sheet (top), partially rolled (middle), and completely rolled up inside a capillary (bottom) are shown (See Color Plates)...

Fig. 12.5 Representative microscopic images of (a) PBS control, (b) FGF2 (c) FGF2 - multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) (100pg), (d) FGF2 - graphite (lOOpg), (e) FGF2 - fullerene (100 tg), and (f) FGF2 - MWNTs (1 mg) treated CAM models (See Color Plates)...

MWNTs recovered from the inner core of the cathode deposit contain graphite debris and nanoparticles [also called nanopolyhedra (32) see the inset of Fig. 10.2,3], In order to obtain pure MWNT samples, these nanoparticles have to be removed. A few methods of purification, including an oxidation process, are reported (35-37). 

For nanomaterials this is especially true if the exposure scenarios used in the test system are not representative of those likely to be found in the field [91, 92]. For example, the degree of toxicity observed in aquatic invertebrates exposed to multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) in water and sediment was influenced by the functional groups on the MWNTs and their preparation for dispersal into the test systems [93]. As noted, even the concept of what constitutes nanomaterials is not fixed [87], so these emerging materials will likely require a rethinking of how their toxicity is assessed and the hazards and risks they might pose to ecosystems [90]. For more information on nanomaterials, including application of life-cycle concepts to their design, see Chapter 8. 

PA6 phase of the blends (see Figure 13.5c). These morphological observations can be well correlated with the observed changes in the AC electrical conductivity measurements where OTPB modified MWNTs showed dramatic improvements as compared to p-MWNTs and Na-AHA modified MWNTs. 

Field emission from carbon nanotubes may be more complex than implied by the analysis above since, in contrast to metal tips, the Fermi wavelengths are comparable to the tip size and consequently electronic states exist, which extend over the entire tip [152,168]. Emission is therefore not from individual atoms but from these tip states such that the emission is coherent. The field emission patterns from individual MWNTs in fact carry the signature of coherent emission from the tip states [168] (see Fig. 36). SWNTs have been imaged as well and the patterns correspond with calculated nanotube charge densities [152]. 

Figure 1. TEM images of MWNTs (left) general view demonstrates narrow diameter MWNT distribution (catalysts were not removed - see gray spots) (right) high resolution TEM image of MWNT fragment.

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