Mutageneous substances

Naturally, no standard test system can cover the practically unlimited number of cases when a given pesticide may prove to be mutagenic. Pesticides are among the most mutagenic substances introduced by humans into the environment [75]. Mutagenic activities are inherent to an... 

Alkylating agents are also mutagenic substances that have been used in cancer chemotherapy. Alkylating agents such as nitrogen or... 

The assay can be performed using mutagenic substances that react directly with DNA or, where metabolic activation is necessary, with pre-mutagen in the presence of rat liver homogenate that is enriched in mixed function oxidases (termed S9). Metabolic oxidation (if that is what is required) results in ultimate or penultimate mutagenic forms, which act as electrophiles towards S. typhimurium. 

Kikugawa, K., Kato, T. and Hayatsu, H. (1986). Formation of mutagenic substances during smoking-and-drying (baikan) of bonito meat, Eisei Kakagu, 32, 5, 379-383. 

An extensive database has demonstrated that many chemicals that are positive in this test also exhibit mutagenic activity in other tests. There are, however, examples of mutagenic substances, which are not detected by this test reasons for these shortcomings can be ascribed to the specific nature of the endpoint detected, differences in metabolic activation, or differences in bioavailability. On the other hand, factors which enhance the sensitivity of the bacterial reverse mutation test can lead to an overestimation of mutagenic activity. The bacterial reverse mutation test may not be appropriate for the evaluation of certain classes of chemicals for example, highly bactericidal compounds (e.g., certain antibiotics) and those which are thought (or known) to interfere specifically with the mammalian cell replication system (e.g., some topoisomerase inhibitors and some nucleoside analogues). In such cases, mammalian mutation tests may be more appropriate. 

Westerholm, R. N., T. A. Alsberg, A. B. Frommelin, and M. E. Strandell, Effect of Fuel Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content on the Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Mutagenic Substances from a Gasoline-Fueled Automobile, Environ. Sci. Technol, 22, 925-930 (1988). 

Mutagen Substance causing genes in an organism to mutate or change. 

Thus, by the Maillard reaction in different browning systems of sugars and amino compounds, some mutagenic substances were formed, although their activities are quite weak compared with those formed by pyrolysis of amino acids. They were confirmed as intermediates and some of them were identified as furan, pyrrole, or thiazolidine derivatives formed from glucose and amino acids... 

DNA adducts comprise nucleotides where chemical mutagenic substances are covalently bound. The common property of the chemical mutagenic substances is their electrophilic nature. Electrophilic sites (electron deficiency) bind to the nucleophilic sites of DNA or the proteins inducing covalent bonding leading to adduct formation, resulting in DNA conformation distortion, and replication and transcription blockage (Esaka etal. 2003). 

Decision logic 3.5.1 for germ cell mutagenicity substances... 

As regards the production of alkaloid derivatives of lysergic acid, the present invention is not limited to the use of the described strains, but comprises also the mutants thereof, which may be obtained, e.g., by means of either a selection or a mutation by the action of U.V. rays or Roentgen rays or any other mutagenous substance or, particularly, by artificial infection of either embryos or grasses cultivated in vitro or plants of grasses cultivated both in vivo or in vitro and the said mutants are to be included in the definition of a new strain of Claviceps paspali Stevens and Hall. 

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