Musculoskeletal disorders osteoarthritis

The exact cause of chronic pain of a nonmalignant nature may or may not be known. This type of pain includes the pain associated with various neuropathic and musculoskeletal disorders such as headaches, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. 

Relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders (see Chap. 19 for more information on these disorders)... 

The miscellaneous drugp are used to treat a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. Ffenicillamine, methotrexate (MTX), and hydroxychloroquine are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had an insufficient therapeutic response to or are intolerant of other antirheumatic drugp such as the sailcylates and NSAIDs. The Summary Drug Table Drug s Used to Tream Musculoskeletal Disorders provides additional information about these and other drug s. One compound, hylan G-F 20, listed in the Summary Drug Table is not used for rheumatoid arthritis, but rather, for osteoarthritis knee pain. It is a viscous, elastic... 

The sahcylates are useful in the treatment of minor musculoskeletal disorders such as bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis, myositis, and myalgia. They may also be used to relieve fever and headache. They can be used in the treatment of inflammatory disease, such as acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and certain rheumatoid variants, such as ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter s syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis. However, other NS AIDS are usually favored for the treatment of these chronic conditions because of their lower incidence of GI side effects. Aspirin is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. 

It is indicated in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, primary dysmenorrhoea, acute gout, pelvic inflammation, ankylosing spondylitis, tooth extraction, tendinitis, bursitis and juvenile arthritis. 

It is indicated in acute or long term use in acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic disorders like osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, cervical spondylosis, acute gouty arthritis and acute musculoskeletal disorders. 

Isoxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent useful in the treatment of various forms of rheumatoid aurthritis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. It is about one-tenth as potent as its structural relative svidoxicam its similar long Tlj (>30 hrs.) adlows once-daily dosing. 

A meta-analysis found that topically applied capsaicin reduced pains caused by diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis, and psoriasis, whereas it was less effective in reducing pain from postherpetic neuralgia (Zhang et al. 1994). Another meta-analy-sis with the similar objective to determine the efficacy of topically applied capsaicin for chronic pain from neuropathic or musculoskeletal disorders based on different blind placebo controlled and pooled trials led to the conclusion that it is better than placebo. It has been concluded that it may be useful as an adjunct or sole therapy for a limited number of patients who are unresponsive to, or intolerant of, other treatments (Mason et al. 2004). 

The musculoskeletal system consists of the muscles, bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments. Disorders related to the musculoskeletal system often are classified by etiology. Acute soft-tissue injuries include strains and sprains of muscles and ligaments. Repeated movements in sports, exercise, work, or activities of daily living may lead to repetitive strain injury, where cumulative damage occurs to the muscles, ligaments, or tendons.1-3 While tendonitis and bursitis can arise from acute injury, more commonly these conditions occur as a result of chronic stress.3,4 Other forms of chronic musculoskeletal pain, such as pain from rheumatoid arthritis (see Chap. 54) or osteoarthritis (see Chap. 55), are discussed elsewhere in this text. 

Owing to the lag time between initiation and effect, capsaicin is not used for treatment of acute pain from injury. Instead, topical capsaicin is used for chronic pain from musculoskeletal and neuropathic disorders. Capsaicin preparations have been studied in the treatment of pain from diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, postherpetic neuralgia, and other disorders.48 It is often used as an adjuvant to systemic analgesics in these chronic pain conditions. 

Rheumatic disease is defined as disease of connective tissue and medical disorders of the musculoskeletal system . The medical discipline concerned with these diseases is referred to as rheumatology. The majority of rheumatic diseases are soft tissue rheumatism and nonspecific low back pain (LBP), autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis, crystal-deposition disease and infectious arthritis. 

Clinical use Meclofenamate (McLean and Geuckman, 1983) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, musculoskeletal and joint disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as dysmenorrhoea. 

Aspirin and other NSAIDs are effective in treating mild-to-moderate pain of various origins, including headache, toothache, and diffuse muscular aches and soreness. Aspirin appears to be especially useful in treating pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal and joint disorders.71,87,89 The safe and effective use of aspirin in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis is well documented (see Chapter 16).53,66,84 Aspirin is also recommended for treating the pain and cramping associated with primary dysmenorrhea.70... 

For assessment of degenerative joint disorders as potential side effects of drugs under investigation, a multitude of animal models for osteoarthritis is available, and their respective suitability for the pleiotropic disease aspects have been recently described and discussed by Oegema and Visco (1999), van den Berg (2001), and Brandt (2002). However, novel therapeutic principles, like e.g. the matrix metalloproteinases, have revealed their musculoskeletal side effects as late as in clinical studies only, which then retraced the focus of drug developmental steps back to scrutinize and refine existent models for different applications (Jacobson et al. 1999 Renkiewicz et al. 2003 Peterson 2004). 

It is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and used mainly as its sodium salt for the relief of pain and inflammation in various conditions, such as musculoskeletal and joint disorders viz., rheumatoid, arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondolytis peri-articular disorders, for instance bursitis and tendenitis soft-tissue disorders, such as sprains and strains and other painful conditions, namely renal colic, acute gout, dysmenorrhoea, and following certain surgical procedures. 

It is invariably indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders, for instance rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondolytis. 

It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders including ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and acute gouty arthritis. 

Corynomycollc acid isolated from the cell walls of Cor-ynebacterium sp. or related organisms exhibit immunostimu-lant properties.Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used in major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, stress urinary incontinence,diabetic peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia,and chronic musculoskeletal pain associated with osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain. Fluoxetine is a serotonin-uptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant and for treatment of anxiety, alcoholism, and bulimia. " ... 

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