Musculature

By approximately 8 weeks after birth, the mminant has developed a fully functional mmen capable of extensive fermentation of feed nutrients (4). The rate of development of the mminal environment depends on the amount of milk consumed by the neonate in relation to its growth requirements, the avadabihty and consumption of readily digestible feedstuffs, and the physical form of the feedstuffs (4). The mmen develops much faster with hay than with milk (36). Concentrates, ie, high cereal grain diets, increase the absorptive surface of the mmen but mminal size and musculature develops much more slowly with a concentrate diet than with a forage diet (4). 

Michaelangelo s David epitomizes the musculature of the human form. (The Firenze Academia/photo by Stephanie Colasanti /Corbis)... 

Generalized seizures include absence, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic. Manifestations of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure include alternate contraction (tonic phase) and relaxation (clonic phase) of muscles, a loss of consciousness, and abnormal behavior. Myoclonic seizures involve sudden, forceful contractions involving the musculature of the trunk, neck, and extremities. Absence seizures, previously referred to as petit mal seizures, are seizures characterized by a brief loss of consciousness during which physical activity ceases. The seizures typically last a few seconds, occur many times a day, and may go unnoticed by others. 

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is perhaps the most uniform, in terms of clinical and histopathological features, of the whole PM/DM disease complex. Presentation may be before 5 years of age with peak incidence between 8 and 12 years. The disease may remit and recur until well into young adult life. The skin lesions include a facial rash in butterfly distribution across nose and cheeks. Erythematous skin changes are seen over extensor surfaces of joints, especially knees, knuckles and elbows. Muscle involvement is generally evident some time later and takes the form of weakness and stiffness, particularly affecting shoulder and pelvic musculature. Proximal muscles are often worse affected than distal muscles and extensors worse than flexors. In the absence of prompt and effective treatment contractures may occur at elbows, ankles, knees, and hips. Subcutaneous calcification and skin ulceration may be found calcification of deeper-lying connective tissue may be apparent on X-ray. 

Rothschild, M. and Schlein, J., The jumping mechanism of Xenopsylla cheopis. I. Exoskeletal stmetures and musculature, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Land. B Biol. Sci., 271, 457 90, 1975. 

Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is a mixture of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. This mixture of leukotrienes is a potent constrictor of the bronchial ait-way musculature. These leukotrienes together with leukotriene B4 also cause vascular permeabifity and attraction and activation of leukocytes and ate important regulators in many diseases involving inflammatory or... 

The smdy of tissue protein breakdown in vivo is difficult, because amino acids released during intracellular breakdown of proteins can be extensively reutilized for protein synthesis within the cell, or the amino acids may be transported to other organs where they enter anabohc pathways. However, actin and myosin are methylated by a posttranslational reaction, forming d-methylliistidine. During intracellular breakdown of actin and myosin, 3-methylhistidine is released and excreted into the urine. The urinary output of the methylated amino acid provides a rehable index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in the musculature of human subjects. 

Barrette C. (1976). Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac. J Anat 122, 16-26. 

Soucek G., Breit S., Konig H. and Liebich H. (1999). Functional significance of musculature of the external nose in swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica). Anat Histol Embryol 28, 307-314. 

Vomiting A reflexive rapid and forceful oral expulsion of upper gastrointestinal contents due to powerful and sustained contractions in the abdominal and thoracic musculature. 

Two additional parasite proteins with apparent HLH binding properties were identified, based on the idea that direct antagonism of host HLH transcription factors might be responsible for muscle cell subversion. One is a MyoDdike protein (Connolly el al., 1996) and another (110 kDa) is located in the vicinity of the hypodermis or somatic musculature of muscle larvae (Lindh el al., 1998). Secretion of these proteins into the infected cell has not been reported. 

Apolysis (kthargus) corresponds to a period of inactivity and results in the separation of connections between the old cuticle basal zone and the underlying hypodermis. The inactivity is a direct result of associated changes in musculature structure and function. 

Fig. 4. Artist s drawing of the stimulator, silicone rubber tube or guidance channel, and the electrical circuit within the spinal cord. The tube was implanted into the dorsal spinal cord. The uninsulated tip of the cathodal electrode (negative) was sealed within the center of the tube, while the anodal electrode (positive) remained outside the vertebral column, sutured to paravertebral musculature. The body of the stimulator was surgically placed within the fat pad at the base of the guinea-pig s neck. To complete a circuit, current must flow initially into each end of the hollow tube as diagrammed. For diagrammatic purposes, the drawing is not made to scale. [Reproduced with permission from Borgens (1999).]...

The childhood- and adult-onset forms of AMD cause signs and symptoms that are limited to the musculature, with progressive weakness of truncal muscles and of proximal, more than distal, limb muscles, usually sparing facial and extraocular muscles. In the childhood form, onset is in infancy or childhood and progression tends to be rapid. In the adult form, onset is usually in the third or fourth decade but occasionally even later and the course is slower [7]. 

Dystonia is characterized by sustained muscle contractions. In patients with dystonia, normal movements are disrupted by cocontraction of agonist and antagonist muscles, and by excessive activation of inappropriate musculature (overflow), leading to abnormal postures and slow involuntary twisting movements, which are often associated with movement execution. 

Because of their weak lipophily, H-oximes overcome poorly the hematoencephalic barrier. Their antidotic action is based on reactivation of peripheral AChE (in blood and respiratory musculature). 

Functional differences are reflected by metabolic characteristics of the skeletal musculature in particular where specialized cell types have evolved to permit activity of different intensity and duration to accommodate the wide range of actions for which skeletal muscle is responsible. 

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