Musculature physiological

An accurate assessment of the metabolite or lipid content in skeletal musculature plays an important role for studying physiological and pathological aspects of lipid metabolism. In principle, quantitative results... 

The main physiological effect of histamine is exhibited in the cardiovascular system, nonvascular smooth musculature, and exocrine and adrenal glands. 

In clinical tests the dahllite-based material was injected as an implant for internal stabilization of a wrist fracture. The ingredients were mixed to form a slurry that was injected in the patient s body. The paste set within minutes under physiological conditions. The material was allowed to harden in situ before a cast was applied. The healing process was more rapid compared to conventional techniques. The new biomaterial resisted compressive forces from the musculature and the wrist healed faster than indicated by historical controls. 

Activity Like the chemically and physiologically related (R)- noradrenaline (/f)-A., as an adrenal hormone, increases the degradation of glycogen in the liver and of fat in adipose tissue as well as the oxidative metabolism in muscle. As neutrotransmitter of the adrenergic nerve system (R)-A. increases heart rate as a sympathicomimetic, constricts blood vessels of the skin, mucous membranes, and abdominal viscera, and dilates vessels of the skeletal musculature and liver. The relaxation of smooth musculature in the intestine or bronchi effected by (R)-A. leads to a reduction of peristalsis (intestinal movements) or to dilatation of the bronchi. (S)-A. is about 12 times less active than (R)-adrenaline. 

Brucine 2,3-dimethoxystrychnine, M, 394.47, m.p. 105 °C (tetrahydrate), 178 °C (anhydrous). It is used in preparative chemistry to separate racemic acids into optical isomers. B. has one tenth of the toxicity of strychnine, from which it is derived. The main physiological effect is paralysis of smooth musculature. For formula and biosynthesis, see Strychnos alkaloids. 

In normal liver, only relatively small amounts of ketone bodies are formed. Their concentration in the blood is 0.5-D.8 mg per 100 ml plasma. The acetoacetate produced by this physiological K. is degraded in the peripheral musculature. Coenzyme A from succi-nyl-CoA is transferred to the acetoacetate by aceto-acetate succinyl-CoA transferase. Direct activation of acetoacetate by coenzyme A and ATP can also occur (Fig, 2). The acetoacetyl-CoA produced in either case is thioclastically cleaved into two molecules of acetyl-CoA, consuming a CoA molecule in the process. In carbohydrate deficiency (starvation, ketone-mia in ruminants), or deficient carbohydrate utilization (diabetes mellitus), K. is greatly increased. The cause of this pathological K. is a disturbance of the equilibrium between the degradation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA and its utilization in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The several-fold increase in the oxidation of the fatty acids leads under these conditions to an increase in the intracellular acetyl-CoA concentration. This leads to the condensation of 2 molecules of... 

Vasopressin, as the name indicates, influences blood pressure an injection of the substance causes a long-lasting elevation of blood pressure. Furthermore, it excites the smooth musculature of the intestines. In normal physiology, however, the effect on the kidney is most significant. Vasopressin inhibits diuresis, i.e. it helps in the reabsorption of water and consequently in the concentration of urine. Impaired production of vasopressin results in the syndrome called diabetes insipidus in which huge quantities of very dilute urine are excreted in one documented case, as much as 56 liters per day A corresponding thirst accompanies such a loss of liquid. Injection of the hormone relieves the symptoms. 

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