Muscle bulge

Practical inputs typically come from muscular activity, (1) directly, (2) indirectly through joints, and (3) indirectly from by-products of muscular contraction (myoelectricity, myoacoustics, muscle bulge, and mechanical/electrical impedance). Although signals can be obtained from brain waves, voice, feet, eyes, and other places, these sources of control have not been shown to be practical for artificial limb control (Childress 1992). 

Prosthesis Control Using Muscle Bulge or Tendon Movement... 

Tendon or residual muscle movement has been used to actuate pneumatic sensors when interposed between a prosthetic socket and the superficial tendons and/or muscle. These sensors can be used for prosthesis control. The Vaduz hand, which was developed by a German team headed by Dr. Edmund Wilms in Vaduz, Liechtenstein, following World War II, used muscle bulge to increase pneumatic pressure to operate a switch-controlled, voluntary-closing, position-servo hand. This hand can be considered to be a forerunner of the pneumatic Otto Bock Hands of the 1970s and the electrically powered Otto Bock Hands of today. 

Fig. 4.23. Ultrasound demonstrating a small muscle hernia of the tibialis anterior on contraction, with a focal bulge in the normal contour arrowheads)...

Edematous degeneration of muscular fibers (hya-lination and fragmentation) and lymphocytic infiltration have been observed in the muscles of the orbits of exophthalmics. These changes are associated with a marked increase in the size of the affected muscles this increase is thought to lead to the bulging of the... 

Fig. 8.68a,b. Synovitis of the elbow joint posterior joint recess, a Longitudinal 12-5 MHz US image over the posterior olecranon recess with b T2w SE MR imaging correlation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis presenting with painful elbow and loss of extension. US shows a bulk of hypoechoic synovial pannus fiUing the recess (arrows). Deep to the triceps muscle (tm), the posterior fat pad (asterisks) is elevated by the pannus. Note the prominence of the tip of the olecranon (O) and the humeral trochlea (TR) bulging within the recess... 

Fig. 16.24. Peroneus quartus. Short-axis 12-5 MHz US image obtained over the retromalleolar groove demonstrates the peroneus longus (pi) and peroneus brevis (pb) tendons together with an additional element, the peroneus quartus, consisting of a discrete tendon (pq) surrounded by a hypoechoic muscle (asterisks). The peroneus quartus typically lies posteromedial to the peroneals. The increased volume of resident soft-tissue structures in the retromalleolar area may stress the superior peroneal retinaculum (arrowheads) that, in this particular case, appears bulging, thickened and hypoechoic. LM, lateral malleolus. The photograph at the upper left of the figure indicates probe positioning...

The paralysis or weakness of this muscle produces an obvious bulging of the anterior abdominal wall. This muscle has several functions, besides helping the other abdominal muscles to compress the abdominal visceras. It also pulls and compresses the lower edge of the ribs and stabilizes the pelvis during walking. By doing this, it enables the thigh muscles to act efficiently. 

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