Multipurpose Design

Sachse M, Ramm G, Strous G, Klumperman J. 2002. Endo-somes Multipurpose designs for integrating housekeeping and specialized tasks. Histochem Cell Biol 117 91-104. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Photoelectric-Colorimetric Method. Although the recording spectrophotometer is, for food work at least, a research tool, another instrument, the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer (4), is available and may prove to be applicable to industrial quality control. (The newer Hunter color and color difference meter which eliminates considerable calculation will probably be even more directly applicable. Another make of reflection meter has recently been made available commercially that uses filters similar to those developed by Hunter and can be used to obtain a similar type of data.) This instrument is not a spectrophotometer, for it does not primarily measure the variation of any property of samples with respect to wave length, but certain colorimetric indexes are calculated from separate readings with amber, blue, and green filters, designated A, B, and G, respectively. The most useful indexes in food color work obtainable with this type of instrument have been G, which gives a... 

Plants for the manufacture of fine chemicals are discussed in Chapter 7 with emphasis put on multiproduct plants. Types of production plants and typical equipment for multiproduct plants with cost considerations are presented in more detail. Problems of designing and scheduling multiproduct and multipurpose plants with particular emphasis given on process data needed to realise this task are discussed. 

There are numerous constraints and factors that affect procedures for design of multiproduct and multipurpose plants ... 

Example 7.4-6. Optimal design of a multipurpose plant (after Faquir and Karimi (1988)... 

The death of old products, the birth of new ones, changing demands, and the need to compose the optimal hierarchical production plan with an optimal use of the equipment and the shortest possible total production time make the timing of production more important than plant design. The use of rigorous optimization techniques can be most profitable at production planning and scheduling of existing batch plants, especially multipurpose plants. 

Majozi, T., 2006. Storage design for maximum wastewater reuse in multipurpose batch plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45(17) 5936-5943. 

In order to illustrate the capability of the proposed technique, this multipurpose example has been enhanced by including compulsory washing operations after each of the reactions in each of the 2 reactors. The philosophy is that the reactors need to be cleaned after each reaction in order to remove contaminants that are formed as byproducts, so as to ensure product integrity. Data pertaining to cleaning tasks is shown in Table 6.6. The variation in performance in the 2 reactors could be ascribed to differences in design, which is indeed a common encounter in practice. In addition to this data, it is known that freshwater cost is 2 cost units per kg of water whilst the effluent treatment cost is 3 cost units per kg. 

Majozi, T., Zhu, X.X., 2001. A novel continuous time MILP formulation for multipurpose batch plants. 1. Short-term scheduling. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40(25) 5935-5949 Obeng, E.D.A., Ashton, G.J., 1988. On pinch technology based procedures for the design of batch processes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 6 255-259... 

Chapter 5 addresses the optimum design of intermediate water storage in multiproduct and multipurpose batch plants. 

Although most heat-flow calorimeters are multipurpose instruments, it is clear that for each particular type of experiment, the inner calorimeter cell must be especially designed and carefully tested. The reliability of the calorimetric data and, thence, the precision of the results depend, to a large extent, upon the arrangement of the inner cell. Typical arrangements for adsorption studies are described in the next section (Section VI.A). 

After a simulation-based design of an efficient pipeless plant had been performed, the existing standard multipurpose plant was modelled by a reference model and compared to the pipeless plant setup by determining the overall production time for different production plans. 

Containment within the vessel for the credible worst-case scenario reducing the design requirements for the emergency relief system this step is frequently too expensive and impractical in a multipurpose facility. 

Development at ElectroCell Systems AB has resulted in a multipurpose cell design that meets the specific requirements of electrochemical synthesis and environmental protection. To facilitate electrochemical scale-up of potentially promising processes four different cells have been developed and are commercially available off-the-shelf from ElectroCell Systems AB. 

Small-scale batch equipment is typically over designed for multipurpose use. 

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