Multiplier, resistors

Make the total resistanee about lOOK or two 47Kohm, 1/2W resistors. Designing the voltage multiplier input eireuit... 

The minimum speeified maximum linear limit of the input to the multiplier (pin3) is 2.5 V. This level should be the peak value of the divided reetified input waveform at the highest expeeted ae input voltage at the erest of the sinusoid (370 V). If a sense eurrent of 200jUA is seleeted at this point the resistor divider beeomes... 

Once the electrons have been accelerated and multiplied, they reach the anode. The electrons arriving at the anode produce an electrical current. This current can be measured directly, or indirectly by monitoring the voltage increment induced in a given load resistor, Rl. This load resistor is critical, as it determines the time constant of the photomultiplier. A typical time constant for a photomultiplier is 2 ns, although an adequate choice of the load resistor and anode material could lead to time constants as low as 0.5 ns. 

Fig. 4.57. Discrete dynode electron multipliers, (a) Schematic of a 14-stage SEM. (b) Photograph of an old-fashioned 16-stage Venetian blind-type SEM clearly showing the resistors and ceramics insulators between the stacking dynodes at its side, (a) Adapted from Ref. [238] by permission. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 1991.

The electrolyte is very conductive. In my example of 7 separate containers wired in series, there s no charge applied to the middle ones either because they are in series If you wire 7 resistors in series you have 1/7th of the total voltage across each resistor. I wanted to get about 2V dc per cell, and with 7 cells you can use a 14V dc power supply (for example a battery charger). You could scale up to any number of plates, but the voltage across the stack would be higher. If 7 cells produce 7 units of gas with a given current then 100 cells would produce 100 units of gas with the same current, but the voltage across the whole stack would need to be about 2V multiplied by the number of cells. Thus the power consumption increases approximately linearly with the number of plates. 

A second error is that there is only one element connected to the upper right node (now labeled VOC). That is, nothing is connected to the right terminal of the 500 2 resistor. PSpice requires that all nodes have at least two elements connected to them. To fix this problem, we must add another element to the circuit that does not affect the operation of the circuit. To simulate an open circuit, I will add a resistor of value 100T. The suffix T in PSpice is a multiplier with a value of... 

PSpice indicates that the error is for resistor Rl. Since PSpice points directly to the error, and I have experience with PSpice, I see that there is a space between the 7 and the K. There are not supposed to be any spaces between a number and its multiplier. The correct way to enter the number is IK, not 1 K. Go back to the schematic, double-click the LEFT mouse button on the text to edit it, and change it to IK. The correct value is shown below ... 

In practice, neither the absolute energies nor their ratio is determined directly. Instead, the radiation of a particular wavelength falls on a multiplier-type phototube, and the voltage developed across its load resistor is measured with.a cathode-ray oscillograph. The deflection to the oscillograph is then proportional to E ... 

Inverting, Multiplying or Dividing Circuit In Fig. 5.42(a), point s is held at virtual ground, i.e. the potential at point s is actually equal to zero from (2) above. The current i , which is equal to (E-J R,), flows through the resistor R and then, by (1), through the resistor Rf. Thus,... 

Kevin Cuomo was a student in my course on nonlinear dynamics, and at the end of the semester he treated our class to a live demonstration of his approach. First he showed us how to make the chaotic mask, using an electronic implementation of the Lorenz equations (Figure 9.6.1). The circuit involves resistors, capacitors, operational amplifiers, and analog multiplier chips. 

This circuit is therefore a scaler, in which the output is simply the inverted input multiplied by the factor (Rf/Ri). By choosing precision resistors, (Rf/RO can be set at any desired value, although the practical ratios for a single stage lie between 0.01 and 200. When Rf = R, the circuit is an inverter. 

Thus. Ihc output voltage i is the input vollage i, multiplied by the ratio of two resistors, and of opposite polarity. If Ihe two resistors are precision resistors, the amplilier closed-loop gain. R,IR can be made quite accurate. I or example, if K were KK) kll and R, were 10 kf . Ihc gain would be 1(1 and v - - 10 x i-,. Note that the accuracy of the gain depends on how accurately ihe two resistances are known and not on the open-loop gain, A. of the operational amplilier. 

In some cases sub zones with adjustable resistors are used to subdivide a zone without multiplying up the total number of current outputs. The number of zones can range from a single zone on a small structure to over 100 zones on large complex structures. 

The resistor in Figure 15-11 would then have a value of 15 (brown-green) multiplied by 100 (red), or 1,500 ohms. The silver on the fourth band tells the engineer the tolerance is 10 percent either above or below 1,500 ohms (1350-1650 ohms). 

Finally, to achieve the best accuracy, the output of the multiplier-integrator is analyzed by a computer. A noise measurement is carried out on 200 sampling points. The sample equivalent noise resistance is obtained through a linear regression on at least four standard resistors. 

Yet, the resistance is to be determined by emplo5dng one of these electric field-current density equations to be multiplied by the elemental translation in resistor, dl. 

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