Multiplexed limitations

MULTIPLEXING LIMITS OF TWISTED NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF HIGH INFORMATION CONTENT LCDs... 

VI, MULTIPLEXING LIMIT FOR FAST SCAN ADDRESSED TN-LCDs... 

For a display without temperature compensation if we assume 9V/3T/ave 0.2%/ C over the range 0 C to 50 C a value representative of LC mixtures with low temperature dependence of voltage threshold,then Mx 0.9, M=0.73 and from Eq. (6) the multiplexing limit for a direct view display without temperature compensation will be N=ll. 

Table 3. Estimated Multiplexing Limits for Various Applications of FSM TN-LCDs...

In the preceding sections, we learned that the ultimate multiplexing limit for direct view FSM TN-LCDs with reasonably broad viewing angles is going to be less than 25 rows. Assuming less than 200 columns, the maximum information content to be expected for FSM TN-LCDs will be 10 picture elements (pels) even with column leads coming from both sides of the display. Thus,... 

F. J. Kahn, H. Birecki, "Multiplexing Limits of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays and Implications for the Future High Information Content LCDs," this volume. 

In recent years, rapid advancements in photonic technologies have significantly enhanced the photonic bio/chemical sensor performance, especially in the areas of (1) interaction between the light and analyte, (2) device miniaturization and multiplexing, and (3) fluidic design and integration. This has led to drastic improvements in sensor sensitivity, enhanced detection limit, advanced fluidic handling capability, lower sample consumption, faster detection time, and lower overall detection cost per measurement. 

On the LC/MS side, the offerings are limited. Other than certain prototype instrumentation26 only Waters offered with its MUX technology a type of parallel mass spectrometer ion interface. The Waters MUX technology does not truly operate in parallel, but multiplexes among combinations of four or eight liquid streams. Combined with Waters LockSpray technology even an additional fifth or ninth channel to introduce a reference mass was used. 

Bayliss and co-workers [10] combined ultra-high flow rates, parallel LC columns, a multiplex electrospray source, and mass spectrometric detection for the rapid determination of pharmaceuticals in plasma using four narrow bore (50 mm x 1 mm, 30 pm Oasis HLB) or capillary (50 mm x 0.18 mm, 25 pm Oasis HLB) HPLC columns with large particle sizes (to avoid high system back-pressure) in parallel with a multiple probe injector and a MUX MS interface. Small sample aliquots were injected directly into the system without sample pre-treatment procedure, obtaining very low limits of quantification (from 1 to 5 ng/mL). 

Fluorescence detection relies on the visualization of a secondary antibody that has been labeled with a fluorophore such as fluorescein (FITC), Texas Red, Tetramethyl rhodamine (TRITC), or R-phycoerythrin. Although this method of detection has a reduced sensitivity of twofold to fourfold compared to chemiluminescence detection, it presents a tenfold greater linear dynamic range, thus providing better linearity and better quantiflcation within the detection limits. Since secondary antibodies can be labeled with fluor-ophores of distinct colors, multiplexing (simultaneous detection of several antigens) of the same blot is feasible. 

FIGURE 3 A multiplex LC/UV/MS system for Log P measurement. (Copyright 2002 John Wiley Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission.)... 

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