Multiple damage sites

Here we confine our attention to simple ionization giving electron-loss centres, and capture of thermalized electrons giving electron-gain centres. These are, of course, generally radical centres, since the parent molecules or ions are generally non-radical species. The complications that arise with multiple damage sites are especially important with protons, a-particles and heavy ions, and are undoubtedly of major biological importance. However, this is beyond the scope of the present work, and we simply focus attention on radiolysis as a source of radicals. 

Biocides probably have multiple target sites on viral particles and the overall damage caused results in loss of viral infectivity (Table 5.1). When compared to bacterial cells, however, viruses present only a few structural targets to biocides the envelope (when present), the glycoproteins, the capsid and the nucleic acid. The activity of biocides against the viral envelope has not been well documented but it can be expected that membrane-active agents such as phenolics and the cationic biocides (e.g. chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds — Q ACs) will act against the viral envelope, which is a typical unit membrane. The capsid is... 

Flgnre 16.27 In situ phased array for monitoring multiple damages on an aluminum plate, (a) Circular-fence array of piezo-wafer active sensors placed at plate center (b) simultaneous imaging of multiple crack and hole damage sites on the plate [54]. 

Subsequent fire involving multiple release sites that may overwhelm fire hazard management measures, particularly if they have been damaged by the explosion (e.g., passive fire protection coating). 

However, the need to have a two-component healing agent constitutes a drawback of this approach, as there is uncertainty over whether both components will be present at the same time and in the required ratio at the damage sites to ensure complete and/or multiple healings. 

Open areas around the operating units of a plant act as buffers to the surrounding community. Sufficient clearance should be allowed so that, if tall stmctures coUapse, other on-site buildings or equipment, or off-site properties are not affected. Adequate roadways providing entry to the plant are extremely important, and multiple entries and exits are advisable. An overcrowded plant can lead to damage or shutdown of adjacent units and may impede the movement of vehicles and materials in case of emergency (85). Another consideration is community fire-fighting assistance, first aid, and medical facihties. 

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