Multiple carriers

Finally, a feedback mechanism has often been used to explain observed (negative and positive) deviations from the Scatchard type plots or nonunity slopes of the nonsaturated portion of the logarithmic Michaelis-Menten plots (e.g. [209]). When no artifacts are present (cf. [197,198]), deviations can indeed be interpreted to indicate that the intrinsic stability or dissociation rate constants vary with the number of occupied transport sites. Nonetheless, several other physical explanations, including multiple carriers, non 1 1 binding, carrier aggregation, etc. must also be considered. 

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the doping of poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) under formation of polarons (radical cations, radical anions) and bipolarons (dications, dianions). Note that multiple carriers can coexist on each macromolecule...

The evaluation of kinetic properties of NRPS systems is a problem of generally underestimated complexity. The basic path was established in 1971, defining activation, thiolation, and peptidyl transfers as basic reactions. The further refinement from structural data to establish the multiple carrier model, and now to tackle domain interactions, has added some precision to the questions asked. However, we have not yet arrived at a complete kinetic description of even the simple tripeptide synthetase. The ACV synthetase operates with four different substrates at six binding sites, releasing 3 moles of AMP and 3 moles of MgPPi for each ACV formed at optimal conditions [51], A sequence of 10 reactions has been... 

The central role of the thiolation domain is evident from their multiple interactions with adjacent and nonadjacent domains. The current multiple-carrier thiotemplate model predicts successive contacts of the first thiolation domain of ACV synthetase with the adjacent aminoadipate adenylate domain and the first condensation domain the second thiolation domain to interact with the cysteine adenylate domain, and both the adjacent and nonadjacent condensation domains the third thiolation domain then interacts with the valine adenylate domain, the nonadjacent second condensation domain, the adjacent epimerization domain, and the nonadjacent thioesterase domain (Fig. 2). Protein regions involved in these successive protein-protein interactions involve the highly conserved carrier domain structures of only about 80 amino acids. So far, only two detailed structures of the respective NRPS domains are available [61,108],... 

T Stein, J Vater, V Kruft, A Otto, B Wittmann-Liebold, P Franke, M Panico, R McDowell, HR Morris. The multiple carrier model of nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis at modular multienzymatic templates. J Biol Chem 271 15428-15435,1996. 

Amino acid absorption in adult cestodes occurs through multiple carriers that are saturable and sensitive to temperature and to a variety of inhibitors (2,13). Amino acid accumulation typically occurs against steep concentration gradients (16), and the amino acid carrier systems in cestodes seem to be similar to those in mammals. There are separate carriers for acidic and basic amino acids and multiple carriers for the neutral amino acids, which overlap in their specificities. Unlike mammals, however, which show higher affinities for L-amino acids, cestode transporters are not stereoselective. Also,... 

By careful selection of the component frequencies and index of modulation, and by combining multiple carrier/modulator pairs, many spectra can be approximated using FM. The amplitudes and phases (described by Bessel functions) of the individual components cannot be independently controlled, however, so FM is not a truly generic waveform or spectral synthesis method. Since the very definition of FM is a nonlinear function transformation. 

Drivers Used by Multiple Carriers — When a driver is used by more than one motor carrier during any 24-hour period, the driver must submit a copy of the record of duty status to each motor... 

The QDs have played a leading role in revolution of the photovoltaic devices owing to their size tuned optical response, efficient multiple carrier generation, and potential in exceeding the Shockley-Queissar limit [214]. 

The phenomenon of thyroid hormone transport encompasses a number of sequential steps beginning with their secretion by the thyroid follicles and ending with their distribution to multiple sites of metabolism and action within virtually all the body s organs. These steps include equilibration with multiple carrier proteins in the plasma, transcapillary passage of both the hormones and the carrier proteins into extravas-cular spaces, entry into cells through their external membranes, and translocation to subcellular compartments and organelles. Some that are the subject of current inquiry or controversy, include the interaction of the hormones with "minor" transport protein in plasma, the kinetics of transcapillary movement, the presence of specific receptors for the carrier proteins and the hormones on endothelial and epithelial cell membranes, and specific transport mechanisms within cell organelles. 

Method (3) is a kind of rotary table method however, multiple carriers are prepared. The aim of the multiple carriers is to improve throughput. However, when the adequacy of CMP for semiconductor devices is considered, a method with multiple carriers has greater difficulty in improving planarity performance than a method with one single carrier. Therefore, method (3) is no longer used. 

Backoff Amplifiers are not linear devices when operated near saturation. To reduce intermodulation products for multiple carriers, the drive signal is reduced or backed off. Input backoff is the decibel difference between the input power required for saturation and that employed. Output backoff refers to the reduction in output power relative to saturation. 

The one-dimensional diffusion-recombination model neglects the transport in the electrolyte and shielding conditions. A standard, more general approach to multiple carrier transport problems [77] is solved using a set of equations that comprises ... 

The driver s personal score does not reflect a future employers scores, or other employers if working for multiple carriers. The carrier s score is based solely on inspections attributed to its USDOT number, not actions of drivers vmder someone else s authority. 

Multiple-Photon and Multiple-Carrier Processes Multiphoton Process... 

The determination of the Hall coefficient in the presence of multiple carriers is a little more involved than the derivation in Chapter 19. The current density is given by... 

J.M.P Delavaux, G.C. McIntosh, G.R. Shmulovich, J. Kerkovian, A. Barbier, Multiple carrier analog transmission system with Er doped planar optical waveguide amplifiers, Proc. OEC, 4, 64-66 (2000). 

P.T. Krein, R.S. Balog and X. Geng, High-frequency link inverter for fuel cells based on multiple carrier PWM , IEEE Transaction of Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1279-1288, September 2004. 

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