Mud volcanos

In oceanic fracture zones as well as in actively-upwelling forearc mud volcanoes, seawater or other marine fluids interact directly with mantle rock (Bonatti 1976 Fryer 1985). Serpentinization of mantle rocks at temperatures broadly <350°C involves influx of water, as well as general increase in Li concentration in the newly-formed hydrous assemblage. Considering the low temperatures involved, Li isotope exchange during seawater-mantle... 

The occurrence of iodine in igneous rocks was first conclusively demonstrated by Armand Gautier in 1901 (144). Since it had previously been detected in volcanic emanations and lavas and in the sludges from mud volcanos, and since it is often associated with boric acid, Gautier concluded that it must come from great depths and that therefore it ought to be possible to detect it in the most ancient rocks. His results showed that iodine, which exists in all the granites we have examined, seems not to form a constituent part of either their micas or of the apatites which... 

Another heuristic (Roberts, 2001) is that intermediate fluxes of gas result in hydrates, while very fast fluxes result in mud volcanoes and very slow fluxes result in mineralization, or carbonates. 

Rapid gas fluxes result in mud volcanoes and vents, localized bacterial mats and clams, and nonbiodegraded hydrocarbons. 

Mud-Prone Features (lage Mud Volcanoes, Mud Flows, Mud Vents)... 

Motyka, R.J., Hawkins, D.B., Poreda, R.J. and Jeffries, A. (1986) Geochemistry, Isotopic Composition, and the Origin of Fluids Emanating from Mud Volcanoes in the Copper River Basin, Alaska, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Public-data File 86-34, p. 87. 

In the southeast, the delta of the Kuban River with vast flooded plains and numerous channels extends over about 100 km. The Kuban River enters the top part of the open Temryuk Bay. Low seacoasts gradually descend to a flat sandy bottom. The depths smoothly increase with the distance from the coast. The largest depths are observed in the central part of the sea in Taganrog Bay, they range from 2 to 9 m. In Temryuk Bay, mud volcanoes are known. The main sources for the supply of the terrigenous matter that forms the bottom sediments of the Sea of Azov are represented by the products of coastal abrasion and the riverine alluvium. The bottom sediments are mostly represented by clayey and silty oozes and sands. 

Kopf A. and Deyhle A. (2002) Back to the roots boron geochemistry of mud volcanoes and its implications for mobilization depth and global B cycling. Chem. Geol. 192, 195-210. 

Archaea (anaerobic methane oxidizers) associated with sub-sea gas, gas hydrate, and mud volcanoes. 

Lagunova, I.A., 1974. On the origin of carbon dioxide in the gases of mud volcanoes of the Kerch -Taman region. Geochem. Intemat., 11 1209-1214. 

The seamounts are built on fore-arc crust 20-35 km above the downgoing Pacific plate, and are essentially mud volcanoes erupting finegrained serpentine with entrained, highly serpenti-nized blocks of harzburgite and dunite, and... 

Olu, K., Lance, S., Sibuet, M., Henry, P., Fiala-Medioni, A. and Dinet, A. (1997) Cold seep communities as indicators of fluid expulsion patterns through mud volcanoes seaward of the Barbados accretionary prism. Deep-Sea Research, 44, 811-841. 

Urn gas of the mud-volcano at Bulganak in the Crimea u nearly pure marsh-gas. 

Mariana Trough is a back-arc spreading center that occurs between a remnant arc and the currently active Mariana arc. On the flanks of axial volcanoes in the central Mariana Trough are several vent fields with measured temperatures up to 287°C and sulfide-sulfate chimneys comprised of sphalerite, galena, and barite, due to metal sources from the underlying andesitic crust. An unusual occurrence in the northeast portion of the Mariana Arc is a serpentinite mud volcano called Conical Seamount. Carbonate (calcite, aragonite) and silicate (Mg silicate) chimneys occur near the mud volcano summit. Associated fluids are cold, sulfate-sulfide-carbonate-silica-rich, and have pHs as high as... 

Fig. 14.9 Distribution of gas hydrate (after Egorov et al. 1999) superimposed on a schematic vertical model of the temperature field (after Ginsburg et al. 1999) in the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano. The gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ, shown by bold lines) is determined by pressure and temperature conditions the zone of gas hydrate (GH) accumulation depends on both the thermal gradient and the flux rate of methane.

Chemical and isotopic evidence for the nature of the fluid in CH -containing sediments of the Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano. Geo-Marine Letters, 19 76-83. 

Haese R.R., Meile C., Van Cappellen P., De Lange G.J. (2003) Carbon geochemistry of cold seeps Methane fluxes and transformation in sediments from Kazan mud volcano, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, pp. 361-375... 

In principle there is no difference which methane molecule is used to stabilize the clathrate structure. Hydrates formed from biogenic methane are thought to be more widespread in marine sediments, and these can be formed from methane gas produced in situ. In contrast, the presence of thermogenic methane requires gas migration form deeper sediment sources (e.g. in mud volcanoes). Thermogenic methane is also accompanied by the presence of higher hydrocarbons, which may result in the formation of gas hydrate structure II, whereas methane hydrate from biogenic methane is restricted to structure I. 

GulfoDulce 218 HakonMosby mud volcano 491 Hawaiian Ridge 400 Hunter Gap 37/... 

Liquefaction widespread in lowland areas. Ishihara (1974) Most damage associated with liquefaction of loose sand. Buildings not deeply embedded were most affected. Sand and mud volcanoes ejected sand 2-3 min after the end of strong shaking... 

Biogeochemical interactions among the arsenic, iron, humic substances, and bacterial activities in mud volcanoes in southern Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Sciences Health A, 46 (11), 1218-1230. 

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