Mucosal delivery, controlled-release

Mestecky, J., et al. 1997. Current options for vaccine delivery systems by mucosal routes. J Control Release 48 243. 

Shen, H., E. Goldber, and W.M. Saktzman. 2003. Gene expression and mucosal immune response after vaginal DANN immunization in mice using a controlled delivery matrix. J Control Release 86 339. 

Suzuki, Y., and Makino, Y. (1999), Mucosal drug delivery using cellulose derivatives as a functional polymer, /. Controlled Release, 62,101-107. 

Marishita M, Goto T, Peppas NA, et al. Mucosal insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels effect of particle size on insulin enteral absorption. / Control Release 2004 97(1) 67-78. 

Lee VHL, Kashi SD, Patel RM, Hayakawa E, Inagaki K Mucosal peptide and protein delivery proteolytic activities in mucosal homogenates, Proc Int Symp Control Release Bioact Mater 1987, 14, 23-24. 

Advantages of the oral mucosal route of delivery include its capacity to bypass all the limitations associated with the oral route, ease of administration, relatively low content of enzymes, and adequate vascular drainage. As described in the following sections, most of the limitations of the oral mucosa epithelium arise from its stratified nature and its intercellular content characteristics. Nonetheless, due to its direct connection to systemic circulation, delivery systems could potentially be formulated to show either bolus-like or controlled release profiles for specific therapeutic needs. Polymers used in the development of such delivery systems play a major role in the release profile, permeation enhancement, and the localization of the active in the vicinity of the absorbing mucosa. Among the various uses of polymers in delivery systems, their mucoadhesive nature is the most prominent application in the oral mucosal route and is the main focus of this entry. After describing the physiological considerations in the oral cavity mucosa, this entry will review the literature pertinent to the use of polymers in delivery systems for the oral mucosal route. 

Polyacrylic acid (PAA] is a biodegradable water-soluble polymer with a wide range of medicinal applications and is considered pharmaceutically safe. They are used for oral and mucosal contact applications in the form of controlled release tablets, oral suspensions, and bioadhesives. The unique property of PAA is that it exists as a liquid at pH 5 and as a gel at pH 7. Permeation of cations into the gelled polymer converts the gel back to a liquid. It is an ideal polymer used for ocular delivery of ribozymes to the corneal epithelium as a drug delivery vehicle. 

Maxwell, S., S. enel, and S. McClure. 2006a. Chitosan for delivery of mucosal vaccines in ruminants. In 33rd Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Controlled Release Society. July 22-26, 2006, Vienna, Austria. 

De Smet R, Demoor T, Verschuere S, Dullaets M, Ostroff GR, Lecletcq G, et al. beta-Glucan microparticles ate good candidates for mucosal antigen delivery in oral vaccination. J Control Release 2013 172(3) 671—8. 

R. De Smet, T. Demoor, S. Verschuere, M. Dullaers, G.R. Ostroff, G. Leclercq, L. Allais, C. Pilette, M. Dierendonck, B.G. De Geest, C.A. Cuvelier, -Glucan microparticles are good candidates for mucosal antigen delivery in oral vaccination, J. Controlled Release, 172,671-678, 2013. 

Morishita, M., T. Goto, N. A. Peppas, J. I. Joseph, M. C. Torjman, C. Munsick, K. Nakamura, T. Yamagata, K. Takayama, and A. M. Lowman. 2004. Mucosal insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels Effect of particle size on insulin enteral absorption. / Control Release 97(1) 115-24. 

Compounds that show low but intrinsic absorption can be optimized by various galenic techniques and procedures. However, those which possess no absorption ability at all cannot be optimized by such procedures. New strategies have been developed for novel drag delivery systems to control drag release, transport, and absorption across mucosal membranes. A special class of modifiers are amphiphilic... 

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