Moose

In a temperate forest ecosystem on Isle Royale, Michigan, ecologists found that it takes 762 pounds (346 kg) of plant food to support every 59 pounds (27 kg) of moose, and that 59 pounds of moose are required to support every one pound (0.45 kg) of wolf. The basic point is that massive amounts of energy do not flow from one trophic level to the next energy is lost at each stage of the food chain, so there are more plants than herbivores and more herbivores than carnivores. 

Bada, J.L., Peterson, R.O., Schimmelmaim, A. and Hedges, R.E.M. 1990 Moose teeth as monitors of environmental isotopic parameters. Oecologia 82 102-106. 

Elderberries provide food for birds, bears, chipmunks, elk, moose, deer, foxes, rabbits, squirrels and woodchucks. Linnaeus said the berries were not good food for chickens and turkeys and might even be toxic to them. The fact that many wild animals relish the elderberries helps to proliferate this wonderful shrub, as the elder seeds are fertilized by animal droppings. 

Cause Moose, hare, boar Geese, Bustards... 

Hoglund, J., Wilhelmsson, E., Christensson, D., Morner, T., Waller, P. and Mattsson, J.G. (1999) ITS2 sequences of Dictyocaulus species from cattle, roe deer and moose in Sweden molecular evidence for a new species. InternationalJournalfor Parasitology 29, 607-611. 

Chromium has proved effective in counteracting the deleterious effects of cadmium in rats and of vanadium in chickens. High mortality rates and testicular atrophy occurred in rats subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium salts however, pretreatment with chromium ameliorated these effects (Stacey et al. 1983). The Cr-Cd relationship is not simple. In some cases, cadmium is known to suppress adverse effects induced in Chinese hamster (Cricetus spp.) ovary cells by Cr (Shimada et al. 1998). In southwestern Sweden, there was an 80% decline in chromium burdens in liver of the moose (Alces alces) between 1982 and 1992 from 0.21 to 0.07 mg Cr/kg FW (Frank et al. 1994). During this same period in this locale, moose experienced an unknown disease caused by a secondary copper deficiency due to elevated molybdenum levels as well as chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance (Frank et al. 1994). In chickens (Gallus sp.), 10 mg/kg of dietary chromium counteracted adverse effects on albumin metabolism and egg shell quality induced by 10 mg/kg of vanadium salts (Jensen and Maurice 1980). Additional research on the beneficial aspects of chromium in living resources appears warranted, especially where the organism is subjected to complex mixtures containing chromium and other potentially toxic heavy metals. 

Frank, A., V. Galgan, and L.R. Petersson. 1994. Secondary copper deficiency, chromium deficiency and trace element imbalance in the moose (Alces alces L.) effect of anthropogenic activity. Ambio 23 315-317. 

MAMMALS Alaskan moose, Alces alces gigas ... 

Flynn, A., A.W. Franzmann, and P.D. Ameson. 1976. Molybdenum-sulfur interactions in the utilization of marginal dietary copper in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas). Pages 115-124 in W.R. Chappell and K.K. Peterson (eds.). Molybdenum in the Environment. Vol. 1. The Biology of Molybdenum. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Flynn, A., A.W. Franzmann, P.O. Ameson, and J.L. Oldemeyer. 1977. Indications of copper deficiency in a subpopulation of Alaskan moose. Jour. Nutr. 107 1182-1189. 

Washington State 1992-93 blood Moose, Alces alces 0.015 (0.01-0.02) FW 94... 

Moose, Alces alces central Sweden muscle 137Cs September 1986 adults vs. calves 1986 all age groups September 1987 adults vs. calves... 

The accident at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, contaminated much of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe, by releasing large amounts of radiocesium-137 and other radionuclides into the environment. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and the consumption of locally produced milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. The most sensitive local ecosystems were the soil fauna and pine forest communities. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl measurably contaminated freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, including flesh and milk of domestic livestock. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in Norway showed an increasing frequency of chromosomal aberrations that seemed to correlate with cesium-137 tissue concentrations tissue concentrations, in turn, were related to cesium-137 in lichens, an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium and the main food source of reindeer during winter. A pattern similar to that of reindeer was documented in moose (Alces) in Scandinavia. 

Bothmer, S.V., K.J. Johanson, and R. Bergstrom. 1990. Cesium-137 in moose diet considerations on intake and accumulation. Sci. Total Environ 91 87-96. 

Nelin, P. 1995. Radiocaesium uptake in moose in relation to home range and habitat composition. Jour. Environ. Radioactiv. 26 189-203. 

Palo, R.T., P. Nelin, T. Nylen, and G. Wickman. 1991. Radiocesium levels in Swedish moose in relation to deposition, diet, and age. Jour. Environ. Qual. 20 690-695. 

In contrast to the Bantu, consumption of high-meat diets by the North American Eskimos has been accompanied by severe osteoporosis. Mazess and Mather ( 0 measured bone densities of both male and female Eskimos of all ages. As early as the fourth decade of life, Eskimo women had bones with less than 857> of the density of age, and sex-matched white women living in the United States. Markedly larger differences of bone occurred in later decades this was true of Eskimos of both sexes. The Eskimo diet, very high in protein, is abundantly supplied with fish, reindeer, moose, caribou, and other meats. 

Syenite, lamprophyre, and carbonatite dykes of the Moose Creek Valley, Ice River Alkaline Complex, southeastern British Columbia, Canada ... 

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