Monterey coal

MAF Coal Conversions to Pyridine Solubles. MAF coal conversions, based on ash analyses, are shown for each coal-solvent combination in Figure 3. Subbituminous coal is converted more slowly, resulting in lower conversions at identical reaction severities than bituminous coal. Maximum conversions are higher with bituminous coal, approaching 90 percent on an MAF basis for the Monterey coal compared to about 75 percent for Wyodak coal. 

As reaction severity approaches zero the Monterey coal conversion is about 70 percent and the Wyodak is about 40 percent. Liquefaction appears to occur very rapidly to these levels and then slower to the maximum conversion. The initial liquefaction may be a physical dissolution while the slower rate represents a reaction in which chemical bonds are broken, although other explanations are possible. (10)... 

Figure 9. Elemental analyses of SRC from liquefaction of Monterey coal in —019 solvent (prepared by heptane precipitation)...

Figure 12, Comparison of elemental analyses of nondistillable products from liquefaction of Wyodak and Monterey coals in —019 solvent...

Examination of gas samples taken prior to the injection of coal from our SCT runs with Monterey coal and with low hydrogen solvent indicate that as the severity of the conditions to which the solvent is exposed increases, the amount of paraffins and olefins (C - C5) increases (Figure 6). A gas make of 3.6% was formed in the run of highest severity. 

In coals the majority of the chemical bonds must be carbon-carbon bonds. For example, in Monterey coal the carbon will form 196 bonds/100 atoms/molecule (49 Cx4). Even if all the other atoms are bonded exclusively to car-... 

The elemental composition for the initial coal [for Monterey coal (2)] and its short-contact-time liquefaction products (defined as pyridine soluble) are shown in Table II. 

Figure 1. Fraction SESC 4 Monterey coal, short-contact-time SRC...

The reductive step of the Sternberg procedure actually produces a resonance with a g value higher than that of the starting coal, suggesting possible increased influence of oxygen in the resultant radical ensemble. The top absorption spectrum is of an aliquot removed during reduction and shows the presence of the naphthalene anion. The middle spectrum is of a filtered, reduced Monterey coal (spin density of 7 X 20 spins g). The bottom spectrum was obtained following butyl iodide addition. Spectra are 40 G in width but not concentric in g value. (Potassium was used in these examples.)... 

Fig. 14. Preferred Hquefaction-coking Hquid yields in the EDS process for various coals where Hrepresents Flexicoking Hquids and , Hquefaction Hquids (124). A, Ireland (West Virginia) B, Monterey (Illinois) C, Burning Star (Illinois) D, Wyodak (Wyoming) and E, Big Brown (Texas).

In the solvent-refined coal pilot plant at Wilsonville, Alabama, the coal slurry is heated to reaction temperature in 3-4 minutes residence time in the preheater. The slurry is then held in the dissolver for an additional 40 minutes before it is filtered to obtain specification solvent-refined coal. By bypassing the dissolver and going directly to the filters, samples of short-contact time (SCT) SRC were produced from Illinois 6 (Monterey) and West Kentucky coals. 

With regard to the Monterey kerogens there are some similar trends to those observed for the Mahakam coals although the transformations are... 

Steinberg, D.K., Silver, M.W., Pilskaln, C.H., Coale, S.L., and Paduan, J.B., Midwater zooplankton communities on pelagic detritus (giant larvacean houses) in Monterey Bay, California, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1606, 1994. 

Coal Mine Illinois 6 Monterey 1 Illinois 6 Burning Star 2 Pittsburgh Seam Ireland Wyoming Wyodak Texas Lignite Big Brown... 

Coals and Solvents. Wyodak (Belle Ayr) subbituminous and Monterey bituminous coals were used. Analyses are shown in Table I The coals were received as minus 1-inch lumps and were ground after cooling with liquid nitrogen. During grinding the coal temperature did not rise above ambient and the evaporation of the liquid nitrogen provided some protection from exposure to air. 

The compositions of the SRC product fraction obtained from liquefaction of Monterey bituminous coal with the hydrogen-... 

Figure 3. Comparison of conversion of MAF Wyodak (—035 solvent (A/ —0/9 solvent (0)) and Monterey (—035 solvent (O) —019 solvent ( Z )) coals to pyridine solubles (based on ash analysis)...

The reversal of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contents when retrograde reactions are observed at high reaction severities with Wyodak subbituminous coal (Figure 7) are not as apparent when retrograde conversion occurs with Monterey bituminous coal (Figure 10). 

The organic sulfur content in the Wyodak subbituminous coal is unaffected by increasing reaction severity while the types of organic sulfur compounds in the Monterey bituminous coal are removable as reaction severity is increased. 

Figure 11. Comparison of changes in elemental analyses with reaction severity for liquefaction of Monterey bituminous coal in —019 and —035 solvents...

Comparison of analyses of heptane insolubles from the liquefaction of Monterey bituminous and Wyodak subbituminous coals in the hydrogen-enriched solvent shows that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen concentrations converge with increasing reaction severity to form a product with similar elemental analyses. The same convergence is seen when the hydrogen-depleted solvent is used. 

Seven fuels were burned in these initial tests two petroleum fuels, one regular sulfur fuel oil (RSFO) and a low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO), and five EDS fuel oils. The EDS fuel oils were blended from components produced in the one ton per day pilot unit at the Exxon Research and Engineering site in Baytown, Texas. Products from the liquefaction of two coals, a bituminous Illinois coal from the Monterey No. 6 mine, and a sub-bituminous Wyoming coal from the Wyodak mine, were tested. Fuel oil blends were made with products from each of the coals, with and without coker liquids, to produce four of the EDS fuels. The fuel oil derived from Illinois coal containing coker liquids was blended... 

A series of four fuels were burned in the Charleston boiler including the RSFO that was being used as the boiler fuel, and three fuels from the ECLP pilot plant. These EDS fuels were derived from the operation on Monterey No. 6 mine coal and included the solvent, a blend of 22 wt. % VG0/78 wt. % solvent, and a blend of 35 wt. % VG0/65 wt. % solvent. The three EDS fuels were chosen to span a range of PNA concentrations. 

The SRC s used in this study were obtained from the SRC process demonstration unit operated by Southern Services Inc. in Wilsonville, Alabama. Three SRC s were studied and these products were derived from the following coals Illinois No. 6 Burning Star, Illinois No. 6 Monterey, and Wyodak (Amax). The as-received SRC s were wet owing to a water quench and therefore each SRC was dried carefully before sampling and analysis. The vacuum resid was prepared by laboratory vacuum distillation of an atmospheric resid obtained from a commercial refinery source. The identification and source of the coal liquid samples used in this study along with other pertinent information are presented in Table I. 

---