1 monoxide dioxide

Nitrogen trichloride detonates in the presence of nitrogen monoxide, dioxide or trioxide and also in contact with ammonia and potassium cyanide. 

Figure 4.4 (A) Predominance diagram of iron and its oxides in contact with carbon monoxide/dioxide...

A bottle labelled as 12% acid in aqueous methanol, and probably two years forgotten, exploded in storage, breaking adjacent bottles[l]. Trichloracetic acid is known to be more unstable, with respect to carbon dioxide and chloroform, in aqueous solution than pure. The reaction usually requires either heat or base catalysis [2], Storage of trichloroacetic acid at less than 30% concentration is not advised [3], Hydrolysis of the trichlorogroup is also conceivable, which would yield intermediate oxalyl monochloride, which habitually breaks down to give carbon monoxide, dioxide and hydrogen chloride. 

Hydrogen Carbon monoxide dioxide Methane. Nitrogen... 

Analyzer Monoxide Dioxide Molecules Molecules Liquids Comments... 

To summarize, sulfonic acid is the principal established end product of the oxidative cleavage of the disulhde bond from the chemical bleaching of human hair with current hair bleach products [3,9]. The mercaptan content of bleached hair is lower than that of unbleached hair [4], The intermediate oxidation products of cystine (i.e., the disulhde monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, and tetroxide) do not exist as signihcant end products of hair bleaching using today s commercial bleach products [3,6,9]. Nevertheless, evidence has been presented demonstrating low levels of cystine oxides in bleached hair [2],... 

The only thermodynamically stable solid oxide of Th is its dioxide its monoxide disproportionates to the metal and dioxide. The vaporization behavior of ThOj has been investigated and the vapor species are Th02(g), ThO(g) and Th(g) (Ackermann and Rauh 1973b). The thermodynamic properties of ThO(g) have also been studied (Ackermann and Chandrasekharaiah 1974). The free energies of formation of the gaseous monoxide, dioxide and solid dioxide are given in table 27. 

The carbide systems are observed to be distinctly different from the corresponding oxide systems. In oxide systems, besides the monoxides, dioxides ROj, (R0)2 and suboxides, RjO, are the only vapors observed. In those few cases where experimental results are available, the carbide vapor phase is much more complex (Gingerich 1985). 

As an example of the application of a fixed-bed tubular reactor, consider the production of methanol. Synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) is reacted over a copper-based cat dyst. The main reactions are... 

The material to be analyzed is pyrolyzed in an inert gas at 1100°C in the presence of carbon the carbon monoxide formed, if any, is either analyzed directly by chromatography or analyzed as carbon dioxide after oxidation by CuO. The CO2 is detected by infra-red spectrometry or by gas phase chromatography. 

Rosser W A Jr, Sharma R D and Gerry E T 1971 Deactivation of vibrationally excited carbon dioxide (001) by collisions with carbon monoxide J. Chem. Phys. 54 1196-205... 

Margottin-Maclou M, Doyennette L and Henry L 1971 Relaxation of vibrational energy in carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide App/. Opt. 10 1768-80... 

All forms of carbon, if heated to a sufficiently high temperature, give carbon dioxide in a plentiful supply of air, and carbon monoxide if the supply is limited (p. 178) ... 

All Group IV elements form both a monoxide, MO, and a dioxide, MO2. The stability of the monoxide increases with atomic weight of the Group IV elements from silicon to lead, and lead(II) oxide, PbO, is the most stable oxide of lead. The monoxide becomes more basic as the atomic mass of the Group IV elements increases, but no oxide in this Group is truly basic and even lead(II) oxide is amphoteric. Carbon monoxide has unusual properties and emphasises the different properties of the group head element and its compounds. 

The gas is passed through caustic soda solution to remove any sulphur dioxide or carbon dioxide produced in side reactions. Carbon monoxide is also obtained when an ethanedioate (oxalate) is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid ... 

The carbon dioxide is removed by passage of the gas through a mixture of sodium and calcium hydroxides. Very pure carbon monoxide is produced by heating nickel tetracarbonyl (see p. 179) ... 

Carbon forms a number of oxides in addition to carbon monoxide and dioxide but they are beyond the scope of this book. 

Electrons are shared when nitrogen monoxide combines with oxygen, a spontaneous reaction, to give nitrogen dioxide... 

Unlike nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide has properties more typical of an odd electron molecule. It is a coloured (brown), reactive gas which dimerises to the diamagnetic colourless gas dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. in which the odd electron is paired. The structure of dinitrogen tetroxide can be represented as a resonance hybrid of ... 

If this reaction takes place in air, the evolved nitrogen monoxide is oxidised to the dioxide and this dissolves again as in equation (9.1) hence virtually complete conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitric acid can occur (see nitric acid, below). With alkalis, a mixture of nitrite and nitrate is formed ... 

Variable oxidation state is also exhibited in the oxides themselves among metals in this region of electronegativity. Thus lead, for example, forms the monoxide PbO (+2) and the dioxide PbO 2 ( + 4) (the compound Pbj04 is not a simple oxide but is sometimes called a compound oxide). Similarly, manganese gives the oxides MnO and Mn02-... 

The many possible oxidation states of the actinides up to americium make the chemistry of their compounds rather extensive and complicated. Taking plutonium as an example, it exhibits oxidation states of -E 3, -E 4, +5 and -E 6, four being the most stable oxidation state. These states are all known in solution, for example Pu" as Pu ", and Pu as PuOj. PuOl" is analogous to UO , which is the stable uranium ion in solution. Each oxidation state is characterised by a different colour, for example PuOj is pink, but change of oxidation state and disproportionation can occur very readily between the various states. The chemistry in solution is also complicated by the ease of complex formation. However, plutonium can also form compounds such as oxides, carbides, nitrides and anhydrous halides which do not involve reactions in solution. Hence for example, it forms a violet fluoride, PuFj. and a brown fluoride. Pup4 a monoxide, PuO (probably an interstitial compound), and a stable dioxide, PUO2. The dioxide was the first compound of an artificial element to be separated in a weighable amount and the first to be identified by X-ray diffraction methods. 

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