Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide

Bugante, E.C. et al, Methane production from hydrogen and carbon dioxide and monoxide in a column bioreactor of thermophilic methanogens by gas recirculation, /. Perm. Bioeng., 67(6), 419,1989. 

Figure 4.2 presents a simplified flow diagram of the ENCOAL Liquid from Coal (LFC) process. The process upgrades low-rank coals to two fuels, Process-Derived Coal (PDF ) and Coal-Derived Liquid (CDL ). Coal is first crushed and screened to about 50 mm by 3 mm and conveyed to a rotary grate dryer, where it is heated and dried by a hot gas stream under controlled conditions. The gas temperature and solids residence time are controlled so that the moisture content of the coal is reduced but pyrolysis reactions are not initiated. Under the drier operating conditions most of the coal moisture content is released however, releases of methane, carbon dioxide, and monoxide are minimal. The dried coal is then transferred to a pyrolysis reactor, where hot recycled gas heats the coal to about 540°C. The solids residence time... 

The statement of Boyle that only a very small proportion of the bulk of the air is consumed, is easily explained by the fact that he has used alcohol or other organic combustibles, so that the volume of oxygen consumed has been replaced largely by the carbon dioxide and monoxide produced, and that only that variable volume has disappeared produced by the oxidation of the hydrogen of the combustible. It will be noted that Boyle, in using the term volatile nitre, recognizes like Hooke and Willis the similarity of the action of saltpeter to the unknown substance in the air. 

In aqueous sulphuric-acid solution Methyl formate, methylal, methyl acetate, acetic acid, and methyl-sulphuric acid, a little carbon dioxide and monoxide, but no formic... 

Equation (2) represents the general equation for the reaction. The radical R may be an alkyl, aryl, or acyl radical and the radical Ar any simple or complex aryl radical. Besides aryl, alkyl, and acyl hahdes, a number of other reactive compounds, such as acid anhydrides, carbon dioxide and monoxide, and olefins, can be made to react in presence of aluminum chloride. This synthesis has been used successfully for the preparation of many hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. 

Nitrogen oxides Sulphur compounds Carbon dioxide and monoxide Ammonia and related compounds... 

Hays, P.B., and J.J. Olivero, Carbon dioxide and monoxide above the troposphere. Planet Space Sci 18, 1729, 1970. 

Next, the character of the oxidation processes taking place within the bed was determined from changes recorded (a) in the composition of gases produced, e.g., the reduction in oxygen content and the appearance of both carbon dioxide and monoxide and (b) in the temperatures in the injection well, as well as in observation and production wells. 

Military interest stimulated the development of biosensors for the determination of methane, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. Biosensors for carbon dioxide and monoxide [33] will also find application in the civilian sector (chemical industry, mines, underground carparks, road tunnels, freezing stores and factories, chemical laboratories, etc.). 

The addition of NaOH to the carbon creates the possibility of reaction with all four elements involved, namely the carbon, the oxygen, the hydrogen and the potassium. The products of these reactions include potassium metal, gaseous hydrogen, gaseous carbon dioxide and monoxide and sodium carbonate. Possible global reactions, for NaOH are as follows ... 

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