Monocytes functions

InSug O, Datar S, Koch CJ, Shapho IM, Shenker BJ. 1997. Mercuric compounds inhibit human monocyte function by inducing apoptosis evidence for formation of reactive oxygen species, development of mitochondrial membrane permeabflity transition and loss of reductive reserve. Toxicology 124 211-224. 

Han KH, Han KO, Green SR, Quehenberger O. Expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor CCR2 is increased in hypercholesterolemia. Differential effects of plasma lipoproteins on monocyte function. J Lipid Res 1999 40(6) 1053-1063. 

Pfizer s tenidap (CP-66,248) (157), another enolic compound, was also more potent (500-fold) toward CO over 5-LO inhibition in human ISN (0.032 /iM and 18 /iM, respectively) [379-381]. Efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials has been reported [380,382] in patients, serum levels of acute phase proteins and synovial fluid levels of IL-1 were reduced by tenidap, in contrast to the lack of this effect with NSAIDs. Besides CO/5-LO inhibition, a variety of in vitro activities have been reported, including a number of effects on monocyte functions and differentiation [379], inhibition of neutrophil degranulation [382], inhibition of the activation of neutrophil collagenase [383], inhibition of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion [384], and inhibition of LTB4-induced neutrophil chemotaxis [385]. Al-... 

Pagola S, Stephens P, Bohle D, Kosar A, Madsen S. The structure of malaria pigment beta-hematin. Nature 2000 404 307-310. Schwarzer E, Kuhn H, Valente E, Arese P. Malaria-parasitized erythrocytes and hemozoin nonenzymatically generate large amounts of hydroxy fatty acids that inhibit monocyte functions. Blood 2003 101 722-728. 

Devaraj, S., Li, D., and Jialal, I. (1996) The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1 beta secretion, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. J Clin Invest 98, 756-63. 

Mannhalter JW, Ahmad R, Leibl H, Gottlicher J, Wolf HM, Eibl MM. Comparable modulation of human monocyte functions by commercial factor VIII concentrates of varying purity. Blood 1988 71(6) 1662-8. 

Six studies examined the effects of oral GLA supplementation on the ex vivo production of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes (Table VII) only two of these studies found a modest reduction in the secretion of IL-1, IL-6, or TNF (Furse et al., 2001 Watson et al., 1993), whereas the remaining four studies found no change in the secretion of these cytokines. One study that used both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1 a to stimulate the production of IL-1 p found that GLA supplementation reduced the LPS-induced pro-IL-lp mRNA by only 17%, and it reduced the IL-la-induced pro-IL-lp mRNA by 75% (Furse et al., 2002). In this study, GLA supplementation also increased the secretion of IL-1 receptor antagonist. It is possible that some of these studies failed to detect the effect of GLA on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines simply because they did not use the appropriate stimulus. Overall, the effects of GLA on lymphocyte and monocyte functions appear much weaker compared with those of fish oils. Even if the effects of GLA are modest, it would be of great interest to determine whether GLA would enhance the antiinflammatory effects of EPA and DHA. 

Schmidt, E.B., Sorensen, P.J., Pedersen, J.O., Jersild, C., Ditzel, J., Grunnet, N., and Dyerberg, J. 1989. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipids, haemostasis, neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Intern. Med. Suppl. 225, 201-206. Schmidt, E.B., Vanning, K., Moller, J.M., Bulow Pedersen, I., Madsen, P., and Dyerberg, J. 1996. No effect of a very low dose of n-3 fatty acids on monocyte function in healthy humans. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 56, 87-92. 

Impaired wound healing Inhibition of leukocyte and monocyte function Subcutaneous tissue atrophy Glaucoma... 

Muller, K. et al. (1991) Down-regulation of monocyte functions by treatment... 

F2. Faist, E., Mewes, A., Strasser, T., Walz, A., Alkan, S., Baker, C., Ertel, W., and Heberer, G. Alteration of monocyte function following major injury. Arch. Surg. (Chicago) 123,287-292... 

Smith PD, Ohura K, Masur H, Lane HC, Fauci AS, Wahl SM. Monocyte function in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome defective chemotaxis. J Clin Invest 1984 74 2121-2128. 

A clinical trial to evaluate the effect of Tinospora cordifolia on the chemotherapeutic course of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out whereby 50 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis between 13-60 years of age were included. This study was a double blind, placebo controlled, fixed dose, randomized trial. Patients received either Treatment A which consisted of standard anti-Koch s Therapy (AKT) along with Tinospora cordifolia or Treatment B which consisted of standard AKT along with placebo. The parameters assessed included clinical symptoms, radiological examination, complete hemogram, monocyte functions, sputum examination and a record of side effects. Patients were followed up after two and six months. Each symptom was graded as either 0 denoting absence of symptom or 1 indicating the presence of symptom. The scores for all the symptoms were added for each patient at each follow up to get composite scores. 

Effects of corticosteroid therapy on human monocyte function. New Engl J. Med., 292, 236. 

The effects of o>-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte functions, membrane fluidity, serum lipids, and both prostanoid and leukotriene formation are aspects of a fundamental modulation of complex interactions between different cellular systems [16] and may be potentially important in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis [36, 106, 107]. Moreover, recent investigations indicated that other substances in addition to polyunsaturated fatty acids may be responsible for the antithrombotic properties of marine flsh [3], a point which has to be evaluated in the future. 

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