Monochrome Mixture

Single dyes are usually used for forming monochrome mixtures. Sometimes it is necessary to mix two or more dyes to get a monochrome color if the color cannot be obtained with the desired properties by using a single dye. For example, a green dye can be obtained by mixing a yellow and a blue dye. 

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The solvent acetonitrile, the supporting electrolyte, TBAHP, and the reactant thianthrene were purified by well-known procedures described in detail elsewhere /8/. The reactant t-stilbene (Fluka Gmbh) was recrystallised twice from a methanol water mixture. The optical arrangement consisted of focusing lenses, a high efficiency Bausch and Lomb monochromator and a polarising filter. The electrochemical cell was mounted on an X, Y, Z manipulator with calibrated rotation facilities (Fritz-Haber-Institut). The detection... 

Because of the high resolution required for monitor tubes, phosphors with smaller particle sizes (4-6 pm) than for entertainment tubes are often needed. For monitor tubes which reproduce slow movement only, phosphor mixtures with longer decay times are used to diminish image flickering. For the reproduction of faster movement, phosphors with shorter decay times are used. For monochrome monitors with amber as the image color Cd5(P04)3Cl Mn2 + or a blend of Y202S Eu3+ and (Zn, Cd)S Cu+ is used. 

Phosphorescence spectra (uncorrected, front face) were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer LS-5 fluorescence spectrometer using a pulsed excitation source ( 10 ps) and gated detection. The instrument was controlled by a P-E 3600 data station. The samples were typically excited at 313 nm using the instrument s monochromator and an additional interference filter. Excitation and emission bandpasses were 2 nm. Typically the emission spectra were recorded using a 50 ps delay following excitation and a 20 ps gate. The samples were contained in cells made of 3x7 mm2 Suprasil tubing, under a continuous stream of N2, 02 or 02/N2 mixtures of known composition. 

There is also a standard test method for determination of major and minor elements in coal ash by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry (ASTM D-6349). In the test method, the sample to be analyzed is ashed under standard conditions and ignited to constant weight. The ash is fused with a fluxing agent followed by dissolution of the melt in dilute acid solution. Alternatively, the ash is digested in a mixture of hydrofluoric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. The solution is analyzed by (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry for the elements. The basis of the method is the measurement of atomic emissions. Aqueous solutions of the samples are nebulized, and a portion of the aerosol that is produced is transported to the plasma torch, where excitation and emission occurs. Characteristic line emission spectra are produced by a radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma. A grating monochromator system is used to separate the emission lines, and the intensities of the lines are monitored by photomultiplier tube or photodiode array detection. The photocurrents from the detector... 

Synchronous Scan. Emission and excitation monochromator scan at the same speed with a determined wavelength difference. This kind of scan is usually applied to study complex materials with several fluorophors or in mixtures of several fluorescent substances. The result of a synchronous scan is a product of excitation and emission spectra. This tool produces more defined peaks for interpreting the behavior of chemical structures during a dynamical process. 

Quick EXAFS measurements were performed at the HASYLAB synchrotron (station XI. 1) in Hamburg, Germany. The measurements were done in transmission mode using ion chambers filled with a mixture of Ar and N2 to have an absorption of 20% in the first and of 80% in the second ion chamber. The monochromator (a double Si-111 crystal) was detuned to 50% at maximum intensity to avoid the presence of higher harmonics in the X-ray beam. In QEXAFS mode, the monochromator is in continuous motion. 

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