Molybdenum-zirconium alloys

K. Venth, K. Danzer, G. Kundermann and K.-H. Blaufuss, Multisignal evaluation in ICP MS, determination of trace elements in molybdenum-zirconium alloys, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 354(7-8), 1996, 811-817. 

Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. 

Titanium white pigments, commercial production of, 19 388 Titanium white rutile pigment, 19 391 Titanium zinc oxide, 5 603 Titanium-zirconium-molybdenum (TZM) alloy, 17 14-15 Titanocene, 25 118 Titanocene catalysts, 16 19 Titanocene dichloride, 25 105 Titanocene synthons, 25 116 Titanocycles, 25 116... 

Yttrium-aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is used as a gemstone (imitation diamond). In small amounts (0.1-0.2 %), yttrium can be added to chromium, molybdenum, zirconium and titanium to the reduce grain size of these metals. Magnesium and aluminum alloys possess increased strength when small amounts of yttrium are added. Also the metal is used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other non-ferrous metals (Hammond 2015). 

Conversion coatings or surface passivations have been employed on the surfaces of metals and alloys for more than a century. Conversion coatings involve (but are not limited to) molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, aluminum, vanadium, phosphate, potassium, cerium, nickel and zinc-rich layers to increase the polarization resistance of the surface and hence decrease current and potential... 

Nitrogen and carbon are the most potent solutes to obtain high strength in refractory metals (55). Particulady effective ate carbides and carbonitrides of hafnium in tungsten, niobium, and tantalum alloys, and carbides of titanium and zirconium in molybdenum alloys. 

Additions of selected alloying elements raise the recrystaUization temperature, extending to higher temperature regimes the tensile properties of the cold-worked molybdenum metal. The simultaneous additions of 0.5% titanium and 0.1% zirconium produce the TZM aUoy, which has a corresponding... 

The corrosion behaviour of amorphous alloys has received particular attention since the extraordinarily high corrosion resistance of amorphous iron-chromium-metalloid alloys was reported. The majority of amorphous ferrous alloys contain large amounts of metalloids. The corrosion rate of amorphous iron-metalloid alloys decreases with the addition of most second metallic elements such as titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum . The addition of chromium is particularly effective. For instance amorphous Fe-8Cr-13P-7C alloy passivates spontaneously even in 2 N HCl at ambient temperature ". (The number denoting the concentration of an alloy element in the amorphous alloy formulae is the atomic percent unless otherwise stated.)... 

In the chemical process industry molybdenum has found use as washers and bolts to patch glass-lined vessels used in sulphuric acid and acid environments where nascent hydrogen is produced. Molybdenum thermocouples and valves have also been used in sulphuric acid applications, and molybdenum alloys have been used as reactor linings in plant used for the production of n-butyl chloride by reactions involving hydrochloric and sulphuric acids at temperatures in excess of 170°C. Miscellaneous applications where molybdenum has been used include the liquid phase Zircex hydrochlorination process, the Van Arkel Iodide process for zirconium production and the Metal Hydrides process for the production of super-pure thorium from thorium iodide. 

Water The corrosion resistance of pure niobium in water and steam at elevated temperatures is not sufficient to allow its use as a canning material in water-cooled nuclear reactors. Alloys of niobium with molybdenum, titanium, vanadium and zirconium however have improved resistance and have possibilities in this application. Whilst the Nb-lOTi-lOMo alloy offers... 

The oxidation rate of niobium in air from 800°C to above 1000°C can be decreased by alloying e.g. with hafnium, zirconium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or tantalum . However, the preferred fabricable alloys still require further protection by coating . Ion implantation improves thermal oxidation resistance of niobium in oxygen below 500°C . 

Hydrogen chloride gas may be stored in steel cyhnders free of contaminants. Monel, pure nickel, or its aUoy, inconel, may also be used for storage and transportation up to 500°C. Hydrochloric acid may be stored in glass bottles or in containers made up of tantalum or tantalum-molybdenum alloys, or other alloys of zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten. 

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