Molybdenum lithium battery

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Shembel EM, Apostolova RD, Tysyachnyi VP, Kirsanova IV (2005) Thin-layer electrolytic molybdenum oxydisulfides for cathodes of Lithium batteries. Russ J Electrochem 41 1305-1315... 

Lithium Molybdenum Disulfide LiiMoS Batteries. The Li/MoS2 system was the first rechargeable lithium battery to be manufactured when it was introduced in the mid-1980s in a cylindrical AA-size. The ceU used thin lithium metal anodes (125 /xm), with a stoichiometric excess of about three times, and M0S2 on a thin aluminum foil (150 /u.m) for the cathode. A spirally wound construction, as illustrated in Fig. 34.13, was used. The electrolyte was IM LiAsF(j dissolved in a 50 50 mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Two types of batteries were manufactured. Table 34.12 describes the more advanced of the two. 

The development of this rechargeable lithium battery owes much to the discovery of a new crystalline phase of molybdenum disulphide in which a small quantity of lithium introduced into the crystal lattice stabilizes the crystalline phase (LLc M0S2). This shifts the equilibrium so the potential of the material is considerably more electropositive than occurs with molybdenum disulphide. 

Mali Energy Ltd (US) are a major producer of lithium-molybdenum disulphide batteries. They... 

Selwyn LS, McKinnon WR, von Sacken U, Jones CA (1987) Lithium electrochemical cells at low voltage. Decomposition of Mo and W dichalcogenides. Solid State Ionics 22 337-344 Hearing RR, Stiles JAR, Brandt Klaus (1979) Lithiimi molybdenum disulphide battery cathode. US Patent 4,224,390, 23 Sep 1980... 

Julien C, Yebka B (2000) Electrochemical features of lithium batteries based on molybdenum-oxide compounds. In Julien C, Stoynov Z (eds) Materials for lithium-ion batteries, NATO-ASI series, Ser 3-85. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 263-277... 

Kumagai N, Kumagai N, Tanno K (1988) Electrochemical characteristics ans structural changes of molybdenum trioxide hydrates as cathode materials for lithium batteries. J Appl Electrochem 18 857-862... 

Yufit V, Nathan M, Golodnitsky D, Peled E (2003) Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries with electrochemically deposited molybdenum oxysulfide cathodes. J Power Sources 122 169-173... 

This battery was based on a lithium metal anode and a molybdenum disulphide cathode ... 

The electrochemical discharge-charge process of the battery is based on the intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium molybdenum disulphide ... 

While the development of primary cells with a lithium anode has been crowned by relatively fast success and such cells have filled their secure rank as power sources for portable devices for public and special purposes, the history of development of lithium rechargeable batteries was full of drama. Generally, the chemistry of secondary batteries in aprotic electrolytes is very close to the chemistry of primary ones. The same processes occur under discharge in both types of batteries anodic dissolution of lithium on the negative electrode and cathodic lithium insertion into the crystalline lattice of the positive electrode material. Electrode processes must occur in the reverse direction under charge of the secondary battery with a negative electrode of metallic lithium. Already at the end of the 1970s, positive electrode materials were found, on which cathodic insertion and anodic extraction of lithium occur practically reversibly. Examples of such compounds are titanium and molybdenum disulfides. 

One of the battery prototypes for electric vehicles had a volume of 3201 and mass of 820 kg. The positive electrode is manufactured from FeS with the addition of C0S2. A few layers of the active material alternating with graphitized fabric are placed into a basket of molybdenum mesh welded to the central molybdenum current collector. The positive electrode is wrapped into a two-layer separator. The inner layer consists of Zr02 fabric and the outer layer of BN fabric. The negative electrode consists of a lithium-silicon alloy in the porous nickel matrix. The container and the cover are manufactured from stainless steel and electrically connected to the negative electrode. The prototype was drained with current up to 50 A, and the specific power was as high as 53 W/kg (Martino FJ et al, 1978). 

Other lithium rechargeable concepts are being actively developed, and prominent amongst them includes a battery being developed by Moli since 1976, where advantage is taken of lithium intercalation in materials such as molybdenum disulphide. The Moli cells (especially AA) are now (1988) available in a limited way and full production is promised for 1989. 

Performance characteristics of sealed lithium—molybdenum disulphide cells are compared with those sealed cylindrieal sintered plate nickel-cadmium batteries in Table 9.15. 

In addition to vanadates, molybdenum oxides should also attract an attention as anode material for Li-ion rechargeable battery because they also have various oxidation states like vanadium. Related molybdenum compounds, Aubom et al. [5] have proposed molybdenum oxide MoOg as anode material for lithium secondary battery more than ten years ago. However, their study was limited by experimental conditions such as poor stability of the electrolyte at low potential. Here, we prepared M11M0O4 using sohd-state reaction [7,8]. 

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