Molecules stain removal from clothes

Bleaches can be used to remove stains from clothing. Where do the stains go Bleach does not actually remove the chemicals in stains from the fabric it reacts with them to form colorless compounds. In chlorine bleaches, an ionic chlorine compound in the bleach reacts with the compounds responsible for the stain. This ionic compoimd is sodimn hypochlorite (NaOCl). The hypochlorite ions oxidize the molecules that cause dark stains. 

Bleach removes stains from clothing by oxidizing colored molecules to form colorless molecules. 

These considerations account for the observed behavior that "like dissolves like." In other words, we observe that a given solvent usually dissolves solutes that have polarities similar to its own. For example, water dissolves most polar solutes, because the solute-solvent interactions formed in the solution are similar to the water-water interactions present in the pure solvent. Likewise, nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. For example, dry-cleaning solvents used for removing grease stains from clothes are nonpolar liquids. "Grease" is composed of nonpolar molecules, so a nonpolar solvent is needed to remove a grease stain. 

A limited number of sink effect studies have been conducted in full-sized environments. Tichenor et al. [20] showed the effect of sinks on indoor concentrations of total VOCs in a test house from the use of a wood stain. Sparks et al. [50] reported on test house studies of several indoor VOC sources (i.e., p-dichlorobenzene moth cakes, clothes dry-cleaned with perchloroethylene, and aerosol perchloroethylene spot remover) and they were compared with computer model simulations. These test house studies indicated that small-chamber-derived sink parameters and kj) may not be applicable to full-scale, complex environments. The re-emission rate (kj) appeared to be much slower in the test house. This result was also reported by other investigators in a later study [51]. New estimates of and were provided,including estimates of fca (or deposition velocity) based on the diffusivity of the VOC molecule [50]. In a test house study reported by Guo et al. [52], ethylbenzene vapor was injected at a constant rate for 72 h to load the sinks. Re-emissions from the sinks were determined over a 50-day period using a mass-balance approach. When compared with concentrations that would have occurred by simple dilution without sinks, the indoor concentrations of ethylbenzene were almost 300 times higher after 2 days and 7 times higher after 50 days. Studies of building bake-out have also included sink evaluations. Offermann et al. [53] reported that formaldehyde and VOC levels were reduced only temporarily by bake-out. They hypothesized that the sinks were depleted by the bake-out and then returned to equilibrium after the post-bake-out ventilation period. Finally, a test house study of latex paint emissions and sink effects again showed that... 

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