Molar energy consumption

Of course, kinetic resolution processes are not optimal. In order to obtain >50% molar yields, racemization and recycling loops are required which often have a negative impact on solvent and/or energy consumption, as well as on waste production. Obviously, better... 

The Peroxide process has many advantages compared to other processes no salt by-product, high yields, low energy consumption, low molar excess and no aqueous effluent treatment132. 

Comparison of solvent-free mechanosynthesis with solution reactions indicate that milling is more effective than the oxidation performed in solution, and the reaction time is longer for solution reactions. Additional advantage of the ball-mill procedure is the easy workup (extraction of product from powdered reaction mixture with an organic solvent). Microwave-conducted oxidations afforded lower yields, which is ascribed to the less-effective mixing. Finally, energy consumption was measured, and molar energy conversion for vibrational mill was found to be superior to solvent-based methods. 

Using the parameters listed in Table 18.2, the energy consumption of the membrane system with different membrane areas to produce one molar oxygen product was calculated and plotted against operating temperature in Figure 18.10. 

On the other hand, for very smooth, accurately dimensioned, readily extrudable mixtures, an excellent carbon black dispersion (>99%) is often advantageous. From the findings described above, it follows that in order to achieve such excellent dispersions within a reasonable mixing time and with acceptable energy consumption, one will have to use EPDM types with a broad molar mass distribution. 

The electrolytic energy costs of an do rochamkal process are related closely to the energy efficiency. The energy consumption may be referred to the amount of substance on a molar, mass or volume basis. 

Rate equations state rates of formation (if positive) or consumption (if negative) of species in terms of moles per unit volume and unit time as functions of the local and momentary concentrations of the participants. For gas-phase reactions, partial pressures may be substituted for molar concentrations. Where necessary, rate coefficients are identified by double indices, the first member for the reactant, the second for the product (co-reactants and co-products are disregarded). The temperature dependence of rate coefficients is characterized by Arrhenius activation energies. 

At this input-output level the following assumptions are considered ( ) steady-state modeling (n) multiple feeds (nfeed ), side draw-off streams (notr Z+), heat streams (n, Z+), reactions rirx Z+) and components (uc Z+) and Hi) single bottom and distillate streams. Component and energy balances are performed over the structure. The component molar balances MC) include the distillate, bottom, feed and draw-off streams and the production (or consumption) of species due to chemical reaction. 

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