Primary module

Schematic representation of global iron connections linked through the state of the land surface, aerosol loading, marine productivity, and climate. Positive feedbacks are represented by solid arrowheads and negative feedbacks by open circles. Feedbacks of uncertain sign are represented by open arrowheads. Linking mechanisms are in italics. Taps represent mechanisms that modulate primary processes. Source-. From Jickells, T. D., et al. (2005). Science, 308, 67-71. (See companion website for color version.)...

Development of the reactor module primary structure would require several iterations to identify and evaluate different design options. The intended approach would have included the following steps and considerations. Many of the steps would necessarily be performed In parallel and repeated as necessary in order to achieve a realizable design. 

The electron-spm echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) phenomenon [37, 38] is of primary interest in pulsed EPR of solids, where anisotropic hyperfme and nuclear quadnipole interactions persist. The effect can be observed as modulations of the echo intensity in two-pulse and three-pulse experiments in which x or J is varied. In liquids the modulations are averaged to zero by rapid molecular tumbling. The physical origin of ESEEM can be understood in tenns of the four-level spin energy diagram for the S = I = model system... 

In the mid and late 1990s CAS developed the ChemPort module as a linked gateway to primary literature. The CAS online delivery clients arc able to move into CbemPort to display primaiy literature by presenting stored or dynamically generated URLs to ChemPort. Conversely, ChemPort will link a user to SciFinder to provide access to the CAS databases. 

As with ah thin-film PV technologies, the projected manufacturing costs of a-Si H ahoy PV modules fah rapidly with annual manufacturing volume, ie, MWp /yr. The primary driver of this volume cost reduction is the volume—cost relationship of commercially available thin-film processing equipment. Thin-film coating machines often have capacities equivalent to 3—5 yr, so that manufacturing economies of scale are more fully realized at the... 

In the second approach, the reconcihation is done sequentially from module to module within the unit under stuc. This is done typically following the primary direction of material flow. This approach reconciles the measurements for each module in turn, progressing through the entire unit under study. Consequently, the reconciled measurements from the first module are used in the reconcihation of... 

Historically, the most popular driver for the centrifugal compressor has been the steam turbine. Steam turbines can readily be speed matched to the compressor. Prior to the upsurge in energy costs, reliability, simplicity, and operational convenience were the primary factors in driver selection. The steam turbine, with its ability to operate over a relatively wide speed range, was ideal for the centrifugal compressor, which could be matched to the process load by speed modulation. 

Constant flow An assembly within which the primary airflow rate is modulated and mixed with air induced from the surroundings by means of a fan (also known as series type). 

The ability of a GC column to theoretically separate a multitude of components is normally defined by the capacity of the column. Component boiling point will be an initial property that determines relative component retention. Superimposed on this primary consideration is then the phase selectivity, which allows solutes of similar boiling point or volatility to be differentiated. In GC X GC, capacity is now defined in terms of the separation space available (11). As shown below, this space is an area determined by (a) the time of the modulation period (defined further below), which corresponds to an elution property on the second column, and (b) the elution time on the first column. In the normal experiment, the fast elution on the second column is conducted almost instantaneously, so will be essentially carried out under isothermal conditions, although the oven is temperature programmed. Thus, compounds will have an approximately constant peak width in the first dimension, but their widths in the second dimension will depend on how long they take to elute on the second column (isothermal conditions mean that later-eluting peaks on 2D are broader). In addition, peaks will have a variance (distribution) in each dimension depending on... 

Transfonii primary data based on sampling and modulation frequency... 

All gear sets create a frequency component referred to as gear mesh. The fundamental gearmesh frequency is equal to the number of gear teeth times the running speed of the shaft. In addition, all gear sets create a series of sidebands or modulations that are visible on both sides of the primary gear mesh frequency. 

Some proportional detectors are combined in the same instrument with a suitable transducer which can perform some of the functions of a controller. For example, for pneumatic systems the primary sensing element actuates a variable air jet, thus modulating an air pressure which is transmitted to a further controller or direct to the controlled device. Electric and electronic detectors such as the infrared detector include the sensing and amplifying circuits of the instrument. 

It is so universally applied that it may be found in combination with metal oxide cathodes (e.g., HgO, AgO, NiOOH, Mn02), with catalytically active oxygen electrodes, and with inert cathodes using aqueous halide or ferricyanide solutions as active materials ("zinc-flow" or "redox" batteries). The cell (battery) sizes vary from small button cells for hearing aids or watches up to kilowatt-hour modules for electric vehicles (electrotraction). Primary and storage batteries exist in all categories except that of flow-batteries, where only storage types are found. Acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes are used as well. The (simplified) half-cell reaction for the zinc electrode is the same in all electrolytes ... 

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