Primary module orientation

Terms such as stolon, primary and secondary stem, and branch, have often been used without careful attention to the role of the apical cell in formation of each of these features. Consequently, a primary stem in one taxon may equate to a stolon in a second, and a branch in a third, while a secondary stem may be the continuation of the primary stan but with a different orientation, a new primary module, or a secondary module (a branch ). This lack of clarity reduces the information content of these terms and makes structural comparisons between taxa difficult or meaningless, especially for determination of homology in cladistic analysis. 

Primary module leaves are ereet-imbrieate and longer and narrower than the erect spreading leaves of the seeondary modules. There is no variation in leaf morphology and orientation along the primary module to suggest a series of primary modules connected by monopodial reiteration. 

The primary deterrent to reducing the detector center-to-center distance for the structure presented above in US-A-4551629 is the required thickness of each silicon chip. If the chips are too thin, they will be very fragile, and will therefore be difficult to handle during fabrication of the modules. In US-A-4403238 (Irvine Sensors Corporation, USA, 06.09.83) the distance between adjacent detector rows can be less than the thickness of a given chip, by orienting the detector rows along lines which extend diagonally with respect to the planes in which the silicon chips extend. 

Two-step sequential and unistep superexchange primary electron transfer create primary radical pair states which differ in orientation of their dipole moments by cf 31°. The orientation is reflected in the angular dependence of the primary charge separation rate in an electric field and has been measured by the dichroic excitation spectrum of electric field modulated fluorescence yield at low temperatures. For reaction centers of Rb.sphaeroides R-26 embedded in polyvinyl alcohol films an orientation was obtained coinciding with the orientation of the dipole moment of within an angle of 5 . This result is only... 

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