Modified electrodes overview

In the first part of the present review, new techniques of preparation of modified electrodes and their electrochemical properties are presented. The second part is devoted to applications based on electrochemical reactions of solute species at modified electrodes. Special focus is given to the general requirements for the use of modified electrodes in synthetic and analytical organic electrochemistry. The subject has been reviewed several times Besides the latest general review by Murray a number of more recent overview articles have specialized on certain aspects macro-molecular electronics theoretical aspects of electrocatalysis organic applicationssensor electrodes and applications in biological and medicinal chemistry. 

Preparative Scale Electrochemistry at Modified Electrodes 4.1 Genaal Overview... 

In this chapter, we present an overview of the detailed kinetic analysis of the oxidation of NADH at a poly(aniline) modified electrode, both to demonstrate the basic approach which can be used, and to illustate the type of information which can be extracted. In many ways the design of... 

The contribution by Higgins, Christensen, and Hamnett (Chapter 7) is very timely and discusses in situ ellipsometry and FTIR spectroscopy applied to electroactive polymer-modified electrodes. These coauthors have been particularly active in the latter area, and their overview, although brief, conveys many original insights. 

See also-. Ion-Selective Electrodes Overview. Process Analysis Sensors. Sensors Amperometric Oxygen Sensors Chemically Modified Electrodes Piezoelectric Resonators. 

See also Sensors Overview Chemically Modified Electrodes. 

See also Sensors Overview Amperometric Oxygen Sensors Calorimetric/Enthalpimetric Chemically Modified Electrodes Microorganism-Based Photometric Tissue-Based. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Flow Injection Analysis Principles Instrumentation Detection Techniques Environmental and Agricultural Applications Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications Industrial Applications. Microelectrodes. Sensors Chemically Modified Electrodes. Thin-Layer Chromatography Overview. Water Analysis Freshwater Seawater - Inorganic Compounds. 

Sljukic B, Banks CE, Compton RG. An overview of the electrochemical reduction of oxygen at carbon-based modified electrodes. J Iran Chem Soc 2005 2 1-25. 

A brief overview of available methods can be obtained easily by looking at the various interface and interphase properties and grouping the methods with respect to their ability to provide information relevant to a particular property. In electrochemical systems where an electrode is in contact with an electrolyte and has possibly been modified by an adsorbed species or a surface layer, these properties are ... 

There seems to be numberless different modifiers which have been used with CPEs one of the main reasons being certainly the ease of modification due to the composite nature of the electrode material. Table 11.2 offers an approximate overview on the most common types of modifiers including some illustrative examples. 

Clays possess many properties that make their use as electrode modifiers intriguing. These features include abundance, low cost, diversity, high chemical stability, negligible toxicity, and pliability (94-98). The diversity stems from differences in chemical composition, charge, size, and major associated ions (95). Clays can also withstand highly oxidizing environments and temperatures (98). Therefore, they are often used as electrode modifiers when the experiments demand harsh conditions where the integrity of other adlayers would be compromised. Perhaps most importantly, the structural composition of clays imparts functions that are particularly amenable to electrochemistry. An overview of the chemical and physical characteristics is necessary to understand their utility in electrochemistry. 

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