Thrombogenesis model

Studies have indicated that leukocytes play a critical role in the activation of coagulation in patients with septicemia and in animal models of acute lung injury (69). One study has presented direct evidence indicating the role of tissue factor expression on activated endothelial cells on in vivo thrombogenesis (70). 

The antiplatelet/antithrombotic activity of dipyridamole has been demonstrated in laboratory and in animal models, and has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and vessel-wall thrombogenesis [9-11]. Dipyridamole has been given either alone or with aspirin in the management of myocardial infarction and stroke. For the secondary prevention of stroke or transient ischemic attack, the drug may be given as a modified-release preparation in a dose of 200 mg twice daily. Dipyridamole administered intravenously results in a marked coronary vasodilation and is used in stress testing in patients with ischemic heart disease [5]. 

Funakubo et al. used a CFD model to evaluate 10 artificial implantable lungs [64]. Their research focused on the occurrence of thrombogenesis. They built a prototype to verify their CFD predictions. They found a correlation between predicted areas of low flow and thrombus formation. Further although nearly identical low flow velocity conditions exist at both the inlet and outlet ports, thrombus formation occurs only near the outlet port, which agreed with detailed vectorial analysis. Gartner et al. also used a CFD approach to model flow effects on thrombotic deposition on a membrane BO [67]. 

Measurements of Platelet Consumption. A baboon AV shunt model was used to assess quantitatively the effects of physicochemical properties associated with polyacrylamide grafted substrates. In this model, measurements of platelet consumption using 51Cr-labeled platelets were steady state, reproducible between test animals, and unaffected by the surgical procedure (8,10). The methodology involved in the use of AV baboon shunts has been described previously (8,10). We concluded that this primate model simulates arterial thrombotic processes in humans and is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of biomaterial thrombogenesis (10). 

A semiempirical/theoretical ionic model was derived to cor-relate and interrelate the ultrastructure morphology, surface charge, surface chemistry, and surface molecular motions of a model semicrystalline hydrophobic triblock copolymer to thrombogenesis. This chapter addresses the aspects of ultra-structure order vs. disorder, primary and secondary molecular motions, surface and side chain chemistry, thrombogenesis, and the resultant ionic model. This model can be extrapolated to predict the relative thrombogenic responses of various crystalline and semicrystalline hydrophobic polymeric substrates. 

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