Model-downscaling

Finer spatial grid resolution and model downscaling ... 

Xu C (1999) From GCMs to river flow a review of downscaling methods and hydrologic modelling approaches. Prog Phys Geogr 23(2) 229-249. doi 10.1177/030913339902300204... 

Keywords Basin management, Climate change impacts, Downscaling, Hydrological modelling, Pollutants... 

A relatively simple statistical downscaling technique which may be applied quickly to a large number of models is the use of correction factors based on monthly relationships between observed data collected at a particular weather station and the relevant RCM control data set for the appropriate grid-cell [40], These monthly differences (for temperature) and ratios (for precipitation) between the control and the point observations (i.e. not the gridded interpolated CRU data set) can then be used to correct the daily RCM control and scenario data. This gives bias-corrected scenarios of temperature and precipitation, which can then be used as input to hydrological models for the exploration of various management and policy formulations. 

Mearns L.O. Bogardi I. Giorgi F. Matyasovsky I. and Palecki M. (1999). Comparison of climate change scenarios generated from regional climate model experiments and statistical downscaling. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D6), 6603-6621. 

As far as the dimensions of the chambers are concerned, they are imposed by the hydrodynamics of the drying process as illustrated in Figure 3.12. It is seen that in order to achieve the particle size (around 70 pm) of interest in FCC catalysts, the drying chamber diameter is between 3-4 meters. Such dimensions make the spray drying process difficult to downscale for a detailed study and modeling of this unit operation. 

Keywords All-atom. Basis sets Continuum models Coulombic interaction Dispersion. Dispersion effects Downscaling of charges Electronic structure methods. Fully-flexible Polarizable models Reduced charges Simulation time. Structure. Transferability United atom... 

Figure 9.1 Current regulatory (dash line) and suggested (solid line) ways for forecasting systems of urban meteorology within UAQUIFSs by downscaling from the adequate NWP model to the urban scale (Baklanov et al., [38]).

Meier, H. E. M., 2006. Baltic Sea climate in the late twenty-first century a dynamical downscaling approach using two global models and two emission scenarios. Climate Dynamics 27(1), 39-68, doi=10.1007/s00382-006-0124-x. 

To set process conditions successfully in industrial design, it is useful to first determine the optimal conditions and design on a model scale. When applied properly, upscaling and downscaling have immense advantages. One of the important, but often ignored, functions of small-scale research is to learn from blunders. ... 

Regardless of the strategy utilised in the miniaturisation process, it should be noted that miniaturisation does not necessarily involve simple downscaling of the dimensions of the flow system and related parameters. For this reason, the concept of similarity for scaling and modelling the behaviour of fluids has been proposed based on three cornerstones geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity [113]. 

Figure 7.4.10 Modelled nitrate concentrations in the lower River Kennet, UK, 1960-2100, given various management treatments (see text) and downscaled climate scenarios from the HadCM3 GCM, medium-high emissions scenario. (After Whitehead et al. (2006), with permission from Elsevier)...

In the craze-growth model the craze-tip opening displacement S of eq. (11.44) is taken as a reinterpretation of the crack-opening displacement of the Argon and Salama (1976) perturbation model, but properly downscaled by the attenuation factor a described above, giving... 

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